Chapter 24 - Digestive System Flashcards
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what are other names of the digestive system
digestive tract
gastrointestinal tract (GI tract)
alimentary tract
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
organs of dig system are collectively called
accessory organs
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what are the accessory organs
glands teeth liver gallbladder pancreas appendix
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
overall functions of dig sys
absorption
energy
affecting temperature
exocrine function
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what does dig sys absorb
nutrients vitamins minerals water drugs/medication
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what energy is associated with dig sys
ATP, fats, protein
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
ATP via ________ is absorbed
carbohydrated
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
how does dig sys affect temperature
cold/hot drinks
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
mouth to anus
alimentary canal
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
route food takes in alimentary canal
mouth pharynx (oro-) esophagus stomach small intestines large intestines (colon) rectum anus
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
when food starts in the mouth it becomes
bolus
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
bolus goes through ________ and arrives at the stomach
segmentation
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
when bolus leaves stomach it becomes ________
chime
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
________ is smooth muscle contraction that moves the bolus and chime throughout the tract
peristalsis
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
the ________ contains the visceral and parietal
peritoneum
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
the ________ aligns organs
visceral
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
the ________ aligns cavities
parietal
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
________ attach to the abdominal organs
mesenteries
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
the mesenteries are double sheets of
peritoneal membrane
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
________ covers the surface of the intestines anteriorly
greater omentum
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
greater omentum is
fatty skin
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
________ stabilizes the stomach
lesser omentum
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
________ is a sheet in back that’s attack to colon
mesocolon
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
how many layers of tissue in alimentary canal
4
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what are layers of alimentary canal tissue
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
are the layers consistent throughout the canal
no
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what is the surface layer of canal tissue
mucosa
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
the ________ contains the musclaris mucosa
lamina propria
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
muscularis mucosa includes inner and outer
muscles
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
inner muscles are
circular
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
outer muscles are
longitudinal
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
the ________ tends to be innervated
submucosa
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
________ are found in the submucosa
submucosal plexus
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
another name for submucosal plexus
Meissner’s plexus
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
externa musclaris contains
inner and outer muscles
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
the externa musclaris is innervated with
myenteric plexus
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
another name for myenteric plexus
plexus of Auerbach
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
serosa is called ________ in oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus and rectum
adventitia
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
oral cavity also called
buccal cavity
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
oral cavity consists of
lips
gums
uvula
fauces
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
________= lips
labia
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
________=gums
gingival
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
________ helps prevent food from prematurely entering the pharynx
uvula
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what are fauces
passageways between mouth and oropharynx
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
________=tongue
glossa
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
types of muscle in tongue
intrinsic
extrinsic
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
tongue has ________ and ________
body
root
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what connects tongue to floor of oral cavity
frenulum
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what is frenulum made of
thin fold of mucous membrane
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what cranial nerves are associated with tongut
hypoglossal NXII
facial NVII
glossopharyngeal NIX
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what does hypoglossal nerve do
muscle movement
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what does glossopharyngeal nerve do
taste
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
list of salivary glands
sublingual
submandibular
parotid
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what does sublingual salivary gland do
buffer and lubricate
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what % of saliva is sublingual
5%
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
function of submandibular salivary gland
nucins & salivary amylase
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what is % of saliva is submandibular
70%
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what is function of parotid salivary gland
salivary amylase
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what % of saliva is parotid
25%
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
saliva consists of ________ water
99.4%
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
.6% of saliva is
mucins/buffers
IgA
lysozymes
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
________ is an enzyme which breaks down some carbohydrates
salivary amylase
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
What targets salivary glands, especially the parotid
mumps
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
which enzyme has defensive qualities
lysozyme
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
________= permanent teeth
secondary dentition
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
how many adult permanent teet
32
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
________= primary dentition
deciduous
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
children have ________ deciduous teet
20
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
teeth include:
incisors
cuspids
bicupsids
molars
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
incisors=
bladed
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
cuspids=
canines
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
bicuspids=
premolars
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
molars=
crush and grind
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
parts of tooth
crown
neck
root
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
crown of tooth contains
enamel
dentin
pulp
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
neck of tooth surrounded by
gingival
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
root of tooth contains
root canal
cementum
peridontal ligament
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
chewing is called
mastication
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
parts of the pharynx involved with dig sys
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
pharynx is aligned with ________muscles
constrictor
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what sends bolus to esophagus
constrictor muscles
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
length of esophagus
1 ft
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
diameter of esophagus
2 cm
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
location of esophagus
posterior of cricoid cartilage to about C6
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
________ is an opening in the diaphragm allowing esophagus to pass through
sophageal hiatus
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
protrusion through diaphragm at hiatus
hiatal hernia
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
esophagus contains
upper and lower esophageal sphincter muscles
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what do esophageal sphincter muscles do
controls amount of bolus passes through
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
________ is condition where have trouble with closing of sphincter in esophagus
GERD or acid reflux
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
________ = swallowing
deglutition
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
phases of deglutition
buccal
pharyngeal
esophageal
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
where is swallowing reflex stimulated
pharygneal phase
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
where is control of swallowing
medulla oblongata
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
primary peristalsis occurs via
vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
secondary peristalsis occurs where
locally
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
when would secondary peristalsis occur
dryness or poor lubrication
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
stomach functions include
food storage during meal
mechanical breakdown of food during churning
chemical breakdown of food
intrinsic facotr
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
how does stomach break food down chemically
pH (HCL)
enzymes
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what is intrinsic factor involved with in the stomach
vitamin b12 absorption
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
after the bolus enters the ________ it becomes ________
stomach
juicy chyme
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
where is chyme eventually released and how
duodenum via the pyloric sphincter
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
regions of stomach
cardia
fundus
body
pylorus
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
stomach is vascularized by many arteries including
gastric artery
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
most superior region of stomach
fundus
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what is main part of stomach (region)
body
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
where is pylorus located
between body and duodenum
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
tissue of the stomach is comprised of
muscle layer
epithelium layer
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
stomach muscle contains
longitudinal
circular
oblique
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
epithelium layer of stomach consists of
folds and shallow depressions
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
folds in epithelium of stomach are called
rugae
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
depressions in epithelium of stomach are called
gastric pits
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
________ secrete intrinsic factor and HCl
parietal cells
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
deep within the gastric pit are
chief cells
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
chief cells secrete
pepinogen
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
pepinogen combined with HCl forms
pepsin or protease
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what does pepsin/protease do
break down proteins
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what is pepsin/protease
enzyme
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
deeper still in the gastric pit (most in the pylorus) is the
G cells
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
G sells secrete
gastrin
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what does gastin cause
contractions of the gastric wall and stimulates parietal and chief cells
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
how many phases of gastric control
3
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what are phases of gastric control
cephalic
gastric
intestinal
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
cephalic gastric control is
short - minutes
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
cephalic gastric control involves
CNS
parasympathetic
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what is role of CNS in cephalic gastric control
think, smell, taste
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what is role of parasympathetic in cephalic gastric control
vagus nerve (NX)
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
gastric control (phase) lasts how long
long 3-4 hours
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
gastric control (phase) involves
neural
hormonal
hocal
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what is neural role in gastric control (phase)
stretch and chemo receptors
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what is hormonal role in gastric control (phase)
gastrin
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what is hocal role in gastric control (phase)
histamine from mast cells
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what does intestinal phase of gastric control do
controls rate of gastric emptying
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
intestinal phase of gastric control involves
nervous response
hormonal response
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what are the nervous responses of intestinal phase of gastric control
stretch and chemo receptors
enterogastric reflex
inhibits gastric byproduction
contraction of pyrolic sphincter
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what is hormonal response to instestinal phase of gastric control
lipids and carbos
secretin secretion
gastrin secretin
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
intestinal hormonal response involves these lipids/carbos
CCK (cholecystokinin)
GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide)
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what does CCK do
decrease secretion of enzymes and acids
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what does GIP do
decrease secretion of enzymes as well as acids and decreases contraction - making fatty meals stay longer in stomach
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what does secretin do
decreases parietal and chief cell activity.
decreases ph below 4.5
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what does gastrin do
in the duodenum proteins - increases secretion of gastrin
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
when stomach distends and decrease in protein
increase chyme into duodenum
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
alcohol and caffeine
increase gastin secretion and motility
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
secretion has been implicated in a subset of
autism
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
the small intestines consists of
duodenum
jejunem
ileum
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
length of deuodenum
12 inch
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what does jejunem mean
empty
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
ileum means
twisted
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
where does the highest amount of nutrient absorption occur
small intestines
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what % of nutrient absoprtion takes place in small intestines
90%
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
small intestines have folds called
plicae
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what is on the plicae
intestinal villi surrounded by microvilli
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what are the villi and microvilli called
brush border
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
within the villus the _________ absorb mostly lipids
lacteals
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
example of a lipid the lacteal absorbs
chylomicrons
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
goblet cells in the small intestines produce _________ and _________
mucin
Brunner’s cells
mucus
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
_________ are pockets producing new cells which make their way to the top of the villus
crypts of Lieberkuhn
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
_________ are deep and secrete lysozyme, defensins,etc
paneth cells
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
brush border enzymes are involved with
digestion
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
example of brush border enzyme
enterokinase
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
the gastroileal relaxes the
ilocecal value
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
vomitting reflex is controlled in the
medulla oblongata
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
the pancreas contains
head, body, tail
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
pancreas consists of
lobules
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
pancreas is vascularized primarily by
pancreatic arteries
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
located in the pancreas are the _________ histologically
islets of Langerhan
acinar cells
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
function of islets of langerhan
endocrine function
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what cell tissue is 80% of pancreas
acinar cells
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
function of acinar cells
secrete pancreatic juice containing enzymes
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
70% of pancreatic enzymes are
protease
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what does protease do
break do proteins/peptidases/peptides
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
_________ is found in acinar cells
zymogen granules
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
zymogen granules contain
enzymes
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
pancreatic lipases breakdown
fats, triglcerides
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
pancreatic amylases are called
carbohydrase
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
pancreatic nucleases break apart
nucleic acids
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what stimulates production of pancreatic enzymes
CCK from duodenum
vagus nerve
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what stimulates production of pancreatic buffers
secretin from duodenum
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
examples of specific proteases and proenzymes
trypsinogen
enterokinase
tripsin
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
examples of other proenzymes
chymotripsin
carboxypeptidase
elastae
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
the ducts of the pancreas in the
pancreatic duct (Wirsung) accessory duct (Santorini)
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
the pancreatic duct meets the bile duct at the _________
ampulla of Vater
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
where is the bile duct from
liver and gall bladder
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
the pancreatic accessory duct leads to the
duodenum
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what is accessory duct called
Santorini
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what is pancreatic duct called
Wirsung
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what is the largest visceral organ
liver
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
how many lobes in liver
4
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what are the lobes in liver
left
right
caudate
quadrate
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what divides the liver’s left and right lobes
falcifrom ligament
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
where is the caudate lobe on liver
dorsal aspect
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what marks the path of the umbilical cord on liver
ligamentum teres
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
the common bile duct, hepatic artery, and hepatic portal intersect with liver where
hilus
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
liver consists of
hepatocytes
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
function of hepatocytes
adjust circulating levels of nutrients by selective absorption/secretion
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
hepatocytes take out
bile and cholesterol
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
1/3 of _________ goes to liver
bloodflow
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
25% of _________ goes to liver
cardiac output
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
hexagonal shapes in liver tissue
lobules
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
lobules contain a
central vein
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
lobules are surrounded by
6 hepatic triads
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
branches of hepatic triads are
hepatic portal vein
hepatic artery
small branch of bile duct
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
blood flow in liver
sinusoids in central vein
interlobular vein
hepatic vein
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
throughout the liver lobules are
kupffer cells
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
bile is produced and is secreated into the
bile canaliculi
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
drainage of bile
bile canaliculi
ductules
ducts (right/left)
common hepatic duct
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
bile is
amphipathic
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what is amphipathic
hydrophobic and hydrophilic
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
liver and carbohydrates chain
glycogenesis - glycogen - glycogen (stored)
glycongenolysis - glycogen - glucose
gluconeogenesis - (lactic acid)+ AA’s - glucose
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
the lipid reserves empty into the
bloodstream
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
most lipids absorbed from digestion bypass
hepatic portal circulation/lacteals
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
if there is an increase in serum AA’s the liver _________
absorbs them
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
serum AA’s are used by liver to
synthesize proteins or converted to lipids/glucose for storage
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
deamination =
de (remove)
amin (amine group)
ation (action)
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
liver is involved wtih removal of
toxins
wastes including nitrogenous waste
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
liver stores
vitamins
fat solubels vit K-ADE, and Vita B12
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
liver is involved with _________ synthesis
plasma protein
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
liver stores minerals
Fe and Cu
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
liver absorbs
hormones
steroid
thyroid
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
liver converts vits D3 from
skin
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
liver converts 25 hydroxy-D3
liver/kidney
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
liver removes
antibodies
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
_________ is nestled under the liver
gall bladder
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
function of gallbladder
store bile
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
_________ leaves the gallbladder and joins with the common hepatic duct
cystic duct
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
cystic duct and common hepatic duct form
common bile duct
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
the _________ is stimulated by CCK and releases bile to duodendum
sphincter of Oddi
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what is sphincter of oddi
hepatopancreatic sphincter
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
functions of large intestine
reabsorption of water
compactor
absorption of vitamins
stores feces
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what vitamins does large intestines absorb
vita b12, biotin, K
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
bacterial flora break down what in LI
fiber
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what are pouches in LI called
haustra
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
haustra comprises of
colon
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what is haustra churning
peristolsis of colon
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what causes haustra churning
3 longitudinal muscle bands
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
name of muscle bands in LI
taentia coli
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
along the colon is fat called the
epiploic appendages
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
the _________ attaches to teh cecum
vermiform appendix
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what dominates the vermiform appendix
lymphoid nodules
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
digestion: mouth: proteins
nothing
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
dig: mouth: carbs
salivary amylase
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
dig: mouth: fat
linqual lipase
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
dig: stomach: protein
pepsin
Acid - denatures
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
dig: stomach: carb
nothing
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
dig: stomach: fat
nothing
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
dig: duodenum: protein
protease/peptidases trysin chymotrypsin elastase carboxypeptidase
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
dig: duodenum: carb
pancreatic amalyse
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
dig: duodenum: fat
pancreatic lipase
bile-emulsifies
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
dig: intestinal: protein
exopeptidases
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
dig: intestinal: carb
maltase (for maltose)
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
dig: mucosa: protein
dipeptidases
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
dig: mucosa: carbs
sucrase (for sucrose)
lactase (for lactose)
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
lipid starts as a _________ which is broken down into little _________
fat bubble
fat bubble
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
little fat bubbles of lipids are produced by
emulsification
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
after lipid has been emulsififed it becomes
micelle
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what is micelle made of
bile and fat
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
micelle and protein combine to form
chymlomicron
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
ion absorption occurs
along the alimentary canal
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
fat soluble vitamins include
KADE
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
water soluble vitamins include
Bs and C
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
B12 need _________ to be absorbed
intrinsic factor
