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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 11 - The Muscular System Notes > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - The Muscular System Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Lever

A

(Bone)

- Rigid structure

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2
Q

Fulcrum

A

(Joint)

- Fixed point

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3
Q

Muscles (produce what)

A
  • Apply the forces that produce MOVEMENT
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4
Q

Basic Muscle Concept

A

When a muscle contracts (shortens), a force is generated that acts on bones (or surrounding tissues) to create motion

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5
Q

Components of typical skeletal muscle

A
  1. Origin
    2, Insertion
  2. Muscle Belly
  3. Tendons
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6
Q

Origin

A
  • “Fixed” end; may be called the head of the muscle
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7
Q

Insertion

A
  • “Moveable end
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8
Q

Muscle Belly

A
  • The largest portion of the muscle. It lies between the origin and insertion
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9
Q

Tendons

A
  • Attach muscles to bones
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10
Q

Aponeurosis

A
  • (Sheet-like)

- Is a thin, flat tendon located where the muscles attach to large flat regions on the body

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11
Q

Synergists

A
  • Muscles working together to cause a movement
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12
Q

Agonist

A
  • Prime Mover

- If one muscle in a group does most of the work involved

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13
Q

Antagonists

A
  • Muscles that cause a movement opposite that of the synergists
  • flexors/extensosr
  • adductors/abductors
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14
Q

Stabilizers

A
  • Stabilize the joints
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15
Q

Number of Muscles Identified

A
  • Over 700

- Averaging just over 3 per every bone

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16
Q

Naming Schema for Muscles

A
  1. Origin and Insertion
  2. Size
  3. Shape
  4. Direction of muscle fibers
  5. Location
  6. Number of Heads
  7. Action/Function
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17
Q

Naming: Origin & Insertion

A
  • named landmarks found on the bones
  • origin is fixed end
  • insertion moveable end
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18
Q

Naming: Size

A
  1. Maximus
  2. Minimus
  3. Brevis
  4. Major
  5. Minor
  6. Longus/Longissimus
  7. Teres
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19
Q

Naming: Shape

A
  1. Triangular
  2. Trapezoid
  3. Saw-Toothed
  4. Rhomboid
  5. Round
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20
Q

Naming: Direction of Muscle Fibers

A
  1. Rectus: runs parrell to the midline of the body
  2. Perpendicular: runs at a right angle to the midline of the body
  3. Angle
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21
Q

Naming: Location

A

-May indicate a nearby bone or body region

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22
Q

Naming: Number of Heads

A
  • multiple heads or attachments
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23
Q

Naming: Action/Function

A
  • Terms such as FLEXOR, EXTENSOR, ABDUCTOR, and ADDUCTOR are all added to muscle names to indicate the kind of movement generated by the muscle.
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24
Q

Muscle Shapes

A
  1. Pennate: feather-shaped
  2. Parallel: fasciculi run in line w/tendon
    3, Convergent: triangle shaped
  3. Circular: circle shaped
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25
Q

Fascicles

A
  • Muscle fibers are grouped into bundles called Fascicles
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26
Q

Levers

A
  • Three classes of levers with respect to skeletal muscle function:
    1. Class I - see saw R-F-AF
    2. Class II - loaded wheel barrel F - R - AF
    3. Class III (most common in the body)
    ladder against building - F - AF - R
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27
Q

Frontalis

A
  • Forehead

- Raises eye brows, wrinkles forehead

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28
Q

Orbicularis oculi

A
  • Around the eyelids

- Closes the eyes

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29
Q

Buccinator

A
  • Lines the cheeks

- Compresses cheek

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30
Q

Orbicularis oris

A
  • Around the lips

- Purses the lips

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31
Q

Zygomaticus

A
  • Upper cheek

- Elevates corner of mouth

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32
Q

Depressor Anguli Oris

A
  • Side of the chin

- Depresses corner of the mouth

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33
Q

Temporalis

A
  • Side of head above ear

- Elevates mandible

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34
Q

Masseter

A
  • Rear of the cheek
  • strongest muscle in the jaw
  • Elevated mandible
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35
Q

SCM

A
  • Side of the neck

- Rotates the neck opposite side, laterally flex same side

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36
Q

Platysma

A
  • Side of neck superficial

- Tenses neck, depresses mandible

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37
Q

Scalenes

A
  • Deep, side of neck

- Elevated ribs, flexes neck

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38
Q

Torticollis

A
  • “pinched nerve” in neck
  • Acute spasm of the SCM
  • Usually caused by a cervical acceleration - deceleration injury
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39
Q

Erector Spinae - Iliocostalis

A
  • Deep posterior trunk muscles

- Extension of the spine

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40
Q

Erector Spinae - Longissimus

A
  • Along the back, from head to sacrum

- Extension of the spine

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41
Q

Erector Spinae - Spinalis

A
  • ??

- Extension of the Spine

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42
Q

Quadratus Lumborum

A
  • Deepest layer of post trunk muscles

- Depress ribs, lateral flex vertebral column

43
Q

Multifidus

A
  • Deep anterior, trunk muscle

- Extends spine, rotates to opposite side

44
Q

Intercostalis

A
  • Between the ribs

- Raises, depresses ribs

45
Q

Diaphragm

A
  • Between thoracic and abdominal cavity

= Expands thoracic cavity

46
Q

Abdominal Obliques (External, Internal, Transverse abdominus)

A
  • The three layers of abs

- Depresses ribs, flexes the spine

47
Q

Rectus Abdominus

A
  • Anterior abdominal wall, ribs to pelvis

- Flexes spine

48
Q

Urethral Sphincter

A
  • Encircles the urethra

- Prevents urine from escaping the urinary system

49
Q

Anal sphincter

A
  • Encircles the anus

- Closes the anus

50
Q

Levator ani

A
  • Forms part of the pelvic floor

- Elevates and retracts the anus

51
Q

Trapezius

A
  • Upper back, back of head and neck, to clavicle and scapula

- Multiple motions of the upper trunk

52
Q

Serratus anterior

A
  • Between ribs and scapula

- Protracts scapula

53
Q

Levator scapulae

A
  • Cervical spine to scapula

- Elevates scapula

54
Q

Rhomboids (major & minor)

A
  • Cervical and thoracic vertebrae to scapula

- Adduct scapula

55
Q

Pectoralis minor

A
  • Ribs to scapula

- Depresses and protracts shoulders

56
Q

Deltoid

A
  • Tip of the should to humerus

- Flex, abduction, extension of humerus

57
Q

Lattisimus dorsi

A
  • Middle of back to humerus

- Extension adduction, med rotation of shoulder

58
Q

Pectoralis major

A
  • Upper chest to humerus

- Flexion, adduction, medial rotation of shoulder

59
Q

Supraspinatus

A
  • Posterior, superior edge of scapula to humerus

- Abduction of shoulder

60
Q

Infraspinatus

A
  • Shoulder blade of scapula to humerus

- Lateral rotation of shoulder

61
Q

Teres minor

A
  • Posterior, inferior edge of scapula to humerus

- Lateral rotation of shoulder

62
Q

Subscapularis

A
  • Anterior scapula to humerus

- Depress, protract the shoulder

63
Q

Teres major

A
  • Posterior, inferior edge to scapula to humerus

- Extensions, adduction, medial rotation of shoulder

64
Q

Coracobrachialis

A
  • Anterior scapula to humerus

- Adduction, flexion of shoulder

65
Q

Biceps brachii

A
  • Anterior surface of arm

- Flexion of elbow, and supination

66
Q

Brachioradialis

A
  • Extends from lower humerus and adjacent forearm to lateral tip of radius
  • Flexion of elbow
67
Q

Brachialis

A
  • Deep to the biceps

- Flexion of elbow

68
Q

Triceps brachii

A
  • Posterior surface of arm

- Extension of elbow

69
Q

Supinator

A
  • Anterior proximal ulna superficial

- Pronation of forearm

70
Q

Muscles that Move the Hand and Fingers

A
  1. Flexor carpi muscles
  2. Extensor carpi muscles
  3. Flexor and extensor digitorum muscles
71
Q

Flexor carpi muscles

A
  • Anterior side of forearm

- Flexion of wrist

72
Q

Extensor carpi muscles

A
  • Posterior side of forearm

- Extension of wrist

73
Q

Flexor and Extensor digitorum muscles

A
  • Anterior and posterior sides of the forearm tendons extending to the bones of the fingers
  • Flexion and extension of the digists
74
Q

Retinaculum (wrist)

A
  • a “bracelet” covers the flexor and extensor tendons around the wrist; holding them in place to prevent “bowstringing” during contraction
75
Q

Lateral Epicondylitis

A
  • tennis elbow

- pain originating where the extensor forearm muscles originate on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus

76
Q

Palm

A
  • two “pads” are formed by hand muscles on the anterior palm
77
Q

Thenar Eminence

A
  • located on the radial aspect and is involved with thumb movement
78
Q

Hypothenar Eminence

A
  • located on the ulnar aspect and is involved with pinky movement
79
Q

Gluteus maximus

A
  • Large buttock muscle

- Extension and lateral rotation of the hip

80
Q

Gluteus Minimus

A
  • Under gluteus maximus between hip

- Abduction, medial rotation of the hip

81
Q

Adductors

A
  • Medial (inner) region of the thigh

- Adduction of leg

82
Q

Gracilis

A
  • Medial (inner) region of the thigh

- Flex knee, adduction and medial rotation of the hip

83
Q

Iliopsoas

A
  • Anterior, superior thigh

- Flexion of the hip

84
Q

Tensor fascia latae

A
  • Lateral hip

- Flexion and medial rotation of the hip

85
Q

Piriformis

A
  • Deep gluteal muscle

- Lateral rotation and abduction of hip

86
Q

Groin Pull

A
  • muscular spasm in one or more of the adductor muscles
87
Q

Piriformis syndrome

A
  • A condition where the sciatic nerve is impinged by the piriformis muscle.
  • Symptoms include pain and paresthesia in the groin, thigh, or buttock region, and possibly sexual dysfunction
88
Q

Biceps femoris (hamstring)

A
  • Posterior surface of thigh; extends from lower pelvis to tibia and fibula
  • Flexion of the knee
89
Q

Semimebranosus

A
  • Posterior surface of thigh; extends from lower pelvis to tibia and fibula
  • Flexion of the knee
90
Q

Semitendinosus

A
  • Posterior surface of thigh; extends from lower pelvis to tibia and fibula
  • Flexion of the knee
91
Q

Sartorius

A
  • Crosses anterior thigh; extends from pelvis to toe

- Flexion of knee, flexion and lateral rotation of the hip

92
Q

Rectus femoris (quadriceps muscle)

A
  • Anterior surface of thigh; extends from lower pelvis to tibia and fibular
  • Extension of the knee
93
Q

Vastus lateralis

A
  • Anterior surface of thigh; extends from lower pelvis to tibia and fibular
  • Extension of the knee
94
Q

Vastus medialis

A
  • Anterior surface of thigh; extends from lower pelvis to tibia and fibular
  • Extension of the knee
95
Q

Vastus intermedius

A
  • Anterior surface of thigh; extends from lower pelvis to tibia and fibular
  • Extension of the knee
96
Q

Quadriceps tendon

A
  • the quadriceps femoris muscles converge onto one tendon which secures the Patella
  • After crossing the patella, the tendon is then named the patellar tendon
97
Q

Tibialis anterior

A
  • Anterior and lateral side of tibia; extends to foot

- Dorisflexion of ankle, inversion of foot

98
Q

Gastrocnemius

A
  • Poterior leg (“calf”) between femur and heel

- Plantar flexion of ankle, inversion and adduction of the foot, flexion of the knee

99
Q

Pereneus (aka Fibularis)

A
  • Posterior leg; extends from fibula and tibia to heel

- Eversion, and plantar flexion of the foot

100
Q

Soleus

A
  • Posterior leg; extends from fibula and tibia to heel

- Plantar flexion of ankle, adduction of foot

101
Q

Flexor and Extensor digitorum muscles (several)

A
  • Anterior and posterior leg; extends to bone of toe

- Flexion and extension of the toes

102
Q

Calcaneal Tendon (aka Achilles Tendon)

A
  • gastrocnemius and soleus tendons converge to form
103
Q

Rotator Cuff

A
  1. Suprasinatus
  2. Infraspinatus
  3. Subscapularis
  4. Teres minor
104
Q

Aging and Muscular System

A
  1. Skeletal Muscle fibers become smaller in diameter.
  2. Skeletal Muscles become less elastic
  3. Tolerance for exercise decreases
  4. Ability to recover from muscular injuries decreases

Anatomy & Physiology (30 decks)

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