Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Notes Flashcards
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Biology is:
Study of Life
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
One of the Goals of Biology:
To discover the UNITY and PATTERNS that underlie the diversity of organisms
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
All living things have certain common characteristis
- organization
- responsiveness
- growth and differentiation
- reproduction
- movement
- metabolism and excretion
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy is
The study of internal and external structures and the physical relationships among body parts.
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Physiology is
the study of how living organisms perform vital functions. All specific functions are performed by specific structures.
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Microscopic Anatomy
-established by the equipment used
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Cytology
-analyze the internal structure of individual cells
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Histology
Examine tissues, groups of cells that have specific functional roles
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Tissues combine to form
Organs: anatomical unites with multiple functions
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Organs combine to form
Organ Systems, groups of organs that function together
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Gross Anatomy
Macroscopic Anatomy -features that are visible without a microscope Includes: Surface Anatomy Regional Anatomy Systemic Anatomy
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Developmental Anatomy
-Examine the changes in form that occur between conception and physical maturity.
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Embryology
Study processes that occur during the first two months of development
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Physiology can be approached:
cellular
organismal
systemic
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Special Physiology
Study special organs
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Pathological Physiology
study effects of diseases on organ or system functions
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
anatomical strucutres and physiological mechanisms are arranged in a series of
interacting levels of organization
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
what is responsible for the structure and functions of life
basic chemical charactersistics
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
what are organelles
small structures within cells that perform specific functions
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
what is the basic living unit of plants and animals and have many common characteristics
cells
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
what is a group of cells within a similar strucutre and function and their associated extracellular substances.
tissue
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
what are the 4 primary types of tissue
epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
what are structures composed of two or more tissues that perform specific functions
organs
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
how many organ systems are there
11
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
what are the organ systems
integumentary skeletal muscular nervous endocrine cardiovascular lympthatic respiratory digestive urinary reproductive
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
What is the condition in which body functions, fluids, and other factors of the internal environment are maintained at levels suitable to support life
homeostasis
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
how do physiological systems preserve homeostasis
homeostatic regulation
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
autoregulation occurs when
the activites of a cell, tissue, organ, or organ system change automatically in response to an environmental changes
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
what results from the activities of the nervous or endocrine system
extrinsic regulation
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
homeostatis regulation usually involves:
a receptor - sensitive to a particular stimulus
a control center that receives and processes the info from the receptor
and effector whose activities are regulated by the control center and whose actions have a direct or indirect effect on the same stimulus
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
what is negative feedback
corrective mechanism involving an action that directly opposes a variation from normal limits
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
what is the function of negative feedback mechanisms
maintain homeostasis
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
what does negative feedback mechanisms consist of
receptor, control center, and effector
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
What is it when a stimulus produces a response that exaggerates the stimulus
positive feedback loop
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
positive feedback mechanisms usually
increase deviations from normal
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
are there a lot of positive feedback loops in the body
no. only a few
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
most positive feedback mechanisms are harmful
TRUE/FALSE
TRUE
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
what is the anatomical position
standing feet facing forward, arms hanging to the side, palms facing forward
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
what language(s) is the etymology of most directional terms
latin or greek
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Prone:
to lie or be placed with the anterior surface down (on belly)
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Supine:
lie or be placed with the anterior surface facing up (on back)
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Right/Left:
toward the right side of the body
toward the left side of the body
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Superior/Inferior:
A structure above another
A structure below another
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Cephalic/ Caudal:
Closer to the head than another structure, usually synonymous with superior
Closer to the tail than another structure, usually synonymous with inferior
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Anterior/Posterior:
The front of the body
The back of the body
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Ventral/Dorsal:
toward the belly, synonymous with anterior
Toward the back, synonymous with posterior
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Proximal/Distal:
closer to the point of attachment to the body than another structure
Farthest from the point of attachment to the body than another structure
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Lateral/Medial:
away from the midline of the body
toward the midline of the body
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Superficial/Deep:
Toward to on the surface
Away from the surface, internal
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
How many planes of the body
3
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
What are the planes of the body
frontal or coronal
sagittal plane
transverse
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
A sagittal section separates:
right and left portions
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
A midsagittal section separates:
equal right and left portions
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
A parasagittal section:
misses the midline, producing left/right or multiple right/left section
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
A frontal (coronal) section:
divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
what does coronal refer to
skull
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
how many regions of body
3
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
what are the regions of the body
upper limbs
lower limbs
trunk
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
the trunk can be divided into how many regions
3
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
what are the regions of the trunk
thorax (chest)
abdomen
pelvis
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
what do body cavities do
protect delicate organs and permit changes in the size and shape of internal organs
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
what does the dorsal body cavity contain
cranial cavity and spinal cavity
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
what does the cranial cavity contain
brain
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
what does the spinal cavity contain
surrounds the spinal cord
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
what is the coelom
ventral body cavity
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
what does the ventral body cavity contain
respriratory cardiovascular, digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
what divides the ventral cavity
diaphragm
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
what are the two cavities within the ventral cavity
thoracic (superior)
abdominopelvic (inferior)
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
the thoracic cavity contains
two pleural cavities
pericardial cavity
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
what are in the pleural cavities
lungs
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
what is in the pericardial cavity
heart
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
the abdominoplevic cavity contains
abdominal cavity
pelvic cavity
peritoneal cavity
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
The thoracic caivty is subdivided by
mediastinum
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
what does the mediastinum contain
heart, thymus gland, trachea, esophagus, and other structures such as blood vessels.
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
what separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
diaphragm
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
what is the abdominal cavity bound by _____ and contains
abdominal muscles and contains stomach, liver, intestines, spleen, pancreas, and kidneys
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
What does the pelvic cavity contain
urinary bladder, part of the large intestine, and the internal reproductive organs
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Are the abdominal and pelvic cavities physically separated?
No. Sometimes referred to as the abdominopelvic cavity
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
The trunk cavities are lined with
serous membranes
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
What membrane lines the wall of the cavity
parietal serous membrane
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
What membrane is in conts\act with the internal organs
visceral serous membrane
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
The serous membrane secretes fluid that
fills the space between the visceral and parietal membranes.
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
the serous membrane does what
protects organs from friction
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
what membrane surrounds the lungs
pleural
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
what membrane surrounds the heart
pericardial
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
what membrane line the abdominal and pelvic cavities
peritoneal
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
what are mesenteries
parts of the peritoneum that hold the abdominal organs in place and provides a passageway for blood vessles and nerve to get to the organs
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
where are retroperitoneal organs located
“behind” the parietal peritoneum
