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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Notes > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Biology is:

A

Study of Life

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2
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

One of the Goals of Biology:

A

To discover the UNITY and PATTERNS that underlie the diversity of organisms

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3
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

All living things have certain common characteristis

A
  • organization
  • responsiveness
  • growth and differentiation
  • reproduction
  • movement
  • metabolism and excretion
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4
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy is

A

The study of internal and external structures and the physical relationships among body parts.

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5
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Physiology is

A

the study of how living organisms perform vital functions. All specific functions are performed by specific structures.

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6
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Microscopic Anatomy

A

-established by the equipment used

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7
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Cytology

A

-analyze the internal structure of individual cells

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8
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Histology

A

Examine tissues, groups of cells that have specific functional roles

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9
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Tissues combine to form

A

Organs: anatomical unites with multiple functions

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10
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Organs combine to form

A

Organ Systems, groups of organs that function together

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11
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Gross Anatomy

A 
Macroscopic Anatomy
-features that are visible without a microscope
Includes:
Surface Anatomy
Regional Anatomy
Systemic Anatomy
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12
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Developmental Anatomy

A

-Examine the changes in form that occur between conception and physical maturity.

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13
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Embryology

A

Study processes that occur during the first two months of development

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14
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Physiology can be approached:

A

cellular
organismal
systemic

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15
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Special Physiology

A

Study special organs

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16
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Pathological Physiology

A

study effects of diseases on organ or system functions

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17
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

anatomical strucutres and physiological mechanisms are arranged in a series of

A

interacting levels of organization

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18
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

what is responsible for the structure and functions of life

A

basic chemical charactersistics

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19
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

what are organelles

A

small structures within cells that perform specific functions

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20
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

what is the basic living unit of plants and animals and have many common characteristics

A

cells

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21
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

what is a group of cells within a similar strucutre and function and their associated extracellular substances.

A

tissue

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22
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

what are the 4 primary types of tissue

A

epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous

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23
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

what are structures composed of two or more tissues that perform specific functions

A

organs

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24
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

how many organ systems are there

A

11

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25
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

what are the organ systems

A 
integumentary
skeletal
muscular
nervous
endocrine
cardiovascular
lympthatic
respiratory
digestive
urinary
reproductive
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26
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

What is the condition in which body functions, fluids, and other factors of the internal environment are maintained at levels suitable to support life

A

homeostasis

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27
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

how do physiological systems preserve homeostasis

A

homeostatic regulation

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28
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

autoregulation occurs when

A

the activites of a cell, tissue, organ, or organ system change automatically in response to an environmental changes

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29
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

what results from the activities of the nervous or endocrine system

A

extrinsic regulation

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30
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

homeostatis regulation usually involves:

A

a receptor - sensitive to a particular stimulus
a control center that receives and processes the info from the receptor
and effector whose activities are regulated by the control center and whose actions have a direct or indirect effect on the same stimulus

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31
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

what is negative feedback

A

corrective mechanism involving an action that directly opposes a variation from normal limits

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32
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

what is the function of negative feedback mechanisms

A

maintain homeostasis

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33
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

what does negative feedback mechanisms consist of

A

receptor, control center, and effector

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34
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

What is it when a stimulus produces a response that exaggerates the stimulus

A

positive feedback loop

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35
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

positive feedback mechanisms usually

A

increase deviations from normal

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36
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

are there a lot of positive feedback loops in the body

A

no. only a few

37
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

most positive feedback mechanisms are harmful

TRUE/FALSE

A

TRUE

38
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

what is the anatomical position

A

standing feet facing forward, arms hanging to the side, palms facing forward

39
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

what language(s) is the etymology of most directional terms

A

latin or greek

40
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Prone:

A

to lie or be placed with the anterior surface down (on belly)

41
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Supine:

A

lie or be placed with the anterior surface facing up (on back)

42
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Right/Left:

A

toward the right side of the body

toward the left side of the body

43
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Superior/Inferior:

A

A structure above another

A structure below another

44
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Cephalic/ Caudal:

A

Closer to the head than another structure, usually synonymous with superior

Closer to the tail than another structure, usually synonymous with inferior

45
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Anterior/Posterior:

A

The front of the body

The back of the body

46
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Ventral/Dorsal:

A

toward the belly, synonymous with anterior

Toward the back, synonymous with posterior

47
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Proximal/Distal:

A

closer to the point of attachment to the body than another structure

Farthest from the point of attachment to the body than another structure

48
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Lateral/Medial:

A

away from the midline of the body

toward the midline of the body

49
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Superficial/Deep:

A

Toward to on the surface

Away from the surface, internal

50
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

How many planes of the body

A

3

51
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

What are the planes of the body

A

frontal or coronal
sagittal plane
transverse

52
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

A sagittal section separates:

A

right and left portions

53
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

A midsagittal section separates:

A

equal right and left portions

54
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

A parasagittal section:

A

misses the midline, producing left/right or multiple right/left section

55
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

A frontal (coronal) section:

A

divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

56
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

what does coronal refer to

A

skull

57
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

how many regions of body

A

3

58
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

what are the regions of the body

A

upper limbs
lower limbs
trunk

59
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

the trunk can be divided into how many regions

A

3

60
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

what are the regions of the trunk

A

thorax (chest)
abdomen
pelvis

61
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

what do body cavities do

A

protect delicate organs and permit changes in the size and shape of internal organs

62
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

what does the dorsal body cavity contain

A

cranial cavity and spinal cavity

63
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

what does the cranial cavity contain

A

brain

64
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

what does the spinal cavity contain

A

surrounds the spinal cord

65
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

what is the coelom

A

ventral body cavity

66
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

what does the ventral body cavity contain

A

respriratory cardiovascular, digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs

67
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

what divides the ventral cavity

A

diaphragm

68
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

what are the two cavities within the ventral cavity

A

thoracic (superior)

abdominopelvic (inferior)

69
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

the thoracic cavity contains

A

two pleural cavities

pericardial cavity

70
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

what are in the pleural cavities

A

lungs

71
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

what is in the pericardial cavity

A

heart

72
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

the abdominoplevic cavity contains

A

abdominal cavity
pelvic cavity
peritoneal cavity

73
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

The thoracic caivty is subdivided by

A

mediastinum

74
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

what does the mediastinum contain

A

heart, thymus gland, trachea, esophagus, and other structures such as blood vessels.

75
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

what separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities

A

diaphragm

76
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

what is the abdominal cavity bound by _____ and contains

A

abdominal muscles and contains stomach, liver, intestines, spleen, pancreas, and kidneys

77
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

What does the pelvic cavity contain

A

urinary bladder, part of the large intestine, and the internal reproductive organs

78
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Are the abdominal and pelvic cavities physically separated?

A

No. Sometimes referred to as the abdominopelvic cavity

79
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

The trunk cavities are lined with

A

serous membranes

80
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

What membrane lines the wall of the cavity

A

parietal serous membrane

81
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

What membrane is in conts\act with the internal organs

A

visceral serous membrane

82
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

The serous membrane secretes fluid that

A

fills the space between the visceral and parietal membranes.

83
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

the serous membrane does what

A

protects organs from friction

84
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

what membrane surrounds the lungs

A

pleural

85
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

what membrane surrounds the heart

A

pericardial

86
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

what membrane line the abdominal and pelvic cavities

A

peritoneal

87
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

what are mesenteries

A

parts of the peritoneum that hold the abdominal organs in place and provides a passageway for blood vessles and nerve to get to the organs

88
Q

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

where are retroperitoneal organs located

A

“behind” the parietal peritoneum

Anatomy & Physiology (30 decks)

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