Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation Flashcards
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
Arterial tissues are
vessels
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
vessels are classified as
elastic arteries
muscular arteries
arterioles
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
blood travels from the ______ to the _______
arterioles
capillaries
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
blood then transfers from the _______ to the _______
capillaries
venous system
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
the walls of the veins are less _______ and contain less _______
elastic
smooth muscle cells
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
veins are classified as
venules
small veins
large veins
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
capillaries are _______ in diameter
7-9 um
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
capillaries are _______ in lenght
1mm long
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
RBC go through capillaries how
single file
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
capillaries are lined with
simple squamous epithelial cells
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
what is the lining of the capillaries called
endothelium
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
sitting outside of the basement layer of the capillaries is the layer of loose connective tissue called
adventitia
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
capillaries are classified based on
diameter and permeability
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
how many types of capillaries
3
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
what are the types of capillaries
continuous
fenestrated
sinusoidal
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_______ capillaries are 7-9 um in diameter and the walls have no gaps between the endothelial cells; they are less permeable to latge molecules
continuous
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
what are areas of the cell where there is no cytoplasm and the cell membrane consists of a porous diaphragm
fenestration
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_______ capillaries have many fenestrations
fenestrated
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_______ capillaries are the largest in diameter, have larger fenestrations, and are found in the endocrine glands for transportation of large molecules
sinusoidal
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
where are fenestrated capillaries found
intestine
ciliary process of the eye
choroids plexus of the CNS
glomuruli of kidney
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_______ are large diameter sinusoidal capillaries, with a sparse basement membrane, large molecules and even cells can pass through here.
sinusoids
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
where are sinusoids common
liver
bone marrow
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
what are sinusoids closely associated with
macrophages of the immune system
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_______ are even larger than the sinusoidal type and have large gaps between the endothelial cells
venous sinsus
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
venous sinus are found where
spleen
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
substances pass through the capillary wall via
diffusion
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
what is order of diffusion through capillary wall
endothelial wall
fenestrae
between enothelial cells
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
what passes through capillary walls easily
water
oxygen
co2
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
capillaries form large _______ of vessles in the body
networks
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
what types of areas are capillary networks most numerous
highly metabolic tissues of the body
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
where are capillary networks located
lung liver kidney skeletal muscle cardiac muscle
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
capillaries found in the skin function in
thermoregulation
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
in muscle capillaries function to
remove waste
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
all but _______ have 3 layers of tissue
capillaries and venules
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
what are the 3 layers of blood vessels
tunica intima
tunica media
tunica adventitia
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_______ is made of of endothelial cells and is a delicate basement layer
tunica intima
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
located in the tunica intima is a thin layer of connective tissue called
tunica propria
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
located in the tunica intima is a fenestrated layer of elastic fiber called the
internal elastic memebrane
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
what separates the tunica intima from the next layer
internal elastic membrane
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_______ is the middle layer of blood vessel tissue
tunica media
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
tunica media consists of
smooth muscle cells
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
how are the smooth muscle cells arranged in tunica media
circular pattern
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
the amount of blood allowed to flow through the vessel is regulated in the tunica media by
relaxation/contraction of the media
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
there are _______ large elastic arteries
7
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
what are the large elastic arteries
elastic arteries muscluar arteries arterioles venules small veins medium and large veins vasa vasorum
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_______ have the largest diameter of all arteries and contain more elastic tissue and less smooth muscle
elastic arteries
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
elastic arteries are also called
conducting arteries
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_______ are medium size arteries that regulate the blood supply to some regions of the body
muscular arteries
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
muscular arteries are also called
distribution arteries
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_______ transport blood from small arteries to capillaries
arterioles
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_______ are similar to capillaries
venules
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_______ larger than venules and receive blood from the venules
small veins
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_______ collect blood from the small veins and delivers it to the larger veins, which transport blood to the heart
medium/large veins
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_______ is a network of small blood vessesl that penetrate the tunica intima of vessels larger than 1mm in diameter.
vasa vasorum
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_______ are located within veins that have a diameter greater than 2 mm
valves
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
valves allow what
blood to flow in the direction of the heart
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
what is the valve
fold of the tunica intima
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
valves are similar to
semilunar valves in heart
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_______ result from stretching of the veins in the lower extremity
varicose veins
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
formation of blood clots
phlebitis
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_______ allow the direct passage of blood from artery to vein bypassing the capillary network
arteriovenous anastomoses
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
where are arteriovenous anastomoses found
soles of feet
palms of hand
nail beds
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
what is function of arteriovenous anastomoses
regulation of temperature
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
the walls of most blood vessels are supplied with nerves by _______
unmyelinated sympathetic nerve fibers
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_______ can be found in the tunica media of the male and female sex organs
parasympathetic nerve fibers
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
sympathetic stimulation results in
vasoconstriction
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
parasympathetic stimulation results in
vasodilation
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
what type of arteries show the largest changes with aging
large elastic
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
which arteries show greatest changes with aging
aorta
large vessels/brain
coronary arteries
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_______ means hardening of the arteries
arteriosclerosis
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
arteriosclerosis is characterized by a thickening of the _______ and the _______ becomes less elastic
tunica intima
tunica media
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
eventually in arteriosclerosis there is a lesion formed that will protrude into the
lumen
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_______ is the depositing of plaque on the walls of the arteries
atherosclerosis
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
the plaque is _______ and contains _______
fat-like
cholesterol
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
all arteries of the circulation system originate directly or indirectly from the _______
aorta
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
where does the aorta originate
off the left ventricle
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
what is diameter of aorta
2.8 mm
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
aorta is pointed in a superior position hence called
ascending aorta
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
length of aorta
5 cm
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
how many branches off ascending aorta
2
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
what are the branches off the aorta
L and R coronary arteries
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_______ continues off the ascending aorta and arches posterior and to the left
aortic arch
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
how many major branches off aortic arch
3
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
the aortic arch carries blood to
head and upper limb
brachicephalic
left common carotid
subclavian artery
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_______ is the longest part of the aorta
descending aorta
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
descending aorta extends through the _______ to the left of the _______, through the _______ to the _______.
thorax
mediastinum
abdomen
pelvis
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
how many branches of the brachiocephalic artery
4
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
what are the branches of the brachiocephalic artery
right common carotid
right subclavian
left common carotid artery
left subclavian artery
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_______ supplies the right side of the head and neck with blood
right common carotid
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_______ sends blood to the right upper limb
right subclavian
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_______ is a branch off the aortic arch and supplies blood to the left side of the head and neck
left common carotid
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_______ is the 3rd branch off the aortic arch and sends blood to the left upper limb
left subclavian artery
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
aortic arch gives rise to:
brachiocephalic artery (2 branches) ---- right common carotid ---- right subclavian left common carotid left subclavian artery
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
the common carotids travel superior in the neck to the angle of the mandible where they split into
internal and external carotid arteries
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
the split of the common carotid the _________ is forms
carotid sinus
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
the function of the carotid sinus
monitor blood pressure
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
the external arteries supply structures of the _________ and _________
neck
face
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
the internal arteries along with the vertebral arteries supply the _________ with blood
brain
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_________ are branches of the subclavian arteries
vertebral arteries
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
the vertebral arteries travel in the _________ of the cervical spine
transverse foramen
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
from the cervical spine through the _________ into the brain (vertebral arteries travel)
foramen magnum
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
vertebral arteries once in the brain form the
basilar artery
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
the basilar artery gives off branches to the _________ and _________
pons
cerebellum
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
2nd set of branches of the basilar artery forms the _________
posterior cerebral arteries
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
the posterior cerebral arteries supply the _________
posterior aspect of the brain
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_________ enter the cranium via the carotid canal and form the middle cerebral arteries
internal carotids
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_________ supply the lateral parts of the cortex
middle cerebral arteries
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_________ are branches of the middle cerebral arteries
posterior communicating arteries
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
how many major arteries of the upper limb
3
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
what are the major arteries of the upper limb
subclavian
axillary
brachial
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
the _________ is a continuation of the subclavian
axillary
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
the _________ is a continuation of the axillary
brachial
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
the brachial divides into
ulnar and radial arteries
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
ulnar and radial arteries form an arch in the
palm
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
the arch in the palm is called
superficial and deep palmar arches
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_________ formed by the ulnar artery
superficial arch
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_________ formed by the radial artery
deep arch
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
the thoracic aorta has branches divided into _________ groups
2
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
what are the groups of the thoracic aorta branches
visceral
parietal
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
the visceral branches of aorta supply the
lungs
esophagus
pericardium
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
the parietal branches supply the
thoracic wall via the intercostals arteries
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
the intercostals arteries have 2 sets
posterior
anterior
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
the anterior intercostals come off the _________ a branch of the subclavian artery
internal thoracic arteries
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
the posterior intercostals are derived from _________ off of the descending aorta
bilateral branches
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
the branches of the abdominal aorta can be divided into _________ branches
2
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
branches of abdominal aorta
visceral
parietal
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
the visceral arteries of the adb. aorta are divided into
paired
unpaired
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
major unpaired braches of the adb aorta are
celiac trunk
superior mesenteric
inferior mesenteric
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
the unpaired branches of the abd aorta supply what
abdominal organs
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
the abd aoarts divides at _________ into the _________
L-5
common iliac arteries
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
the common iliac divides into the
internal and external iliac arteries
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
external iliac arteries supply blood to
lower limbs
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
internal iliac arteries supply blood to
pelvis
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_________ is a continuation of the external iliac artery
femoral artery
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_________ is a continuation of the femoreal artery
popliteal artery
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
the popliteal artery gives off branches called the
posterior/anterior tibial artery
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
anterior tibial artery becomes the
dorsalis pedis artery
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
the posterior tibial artery becomes the
fibular or peroneal artery
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
the fibular or peroneal artery becomes the
plantar arteries
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
there are _________ major veins that return blood to the heartq
3
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
blood returns into the heart in the
right atrium
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
what are the 3 major veins in body
coronary sinus
superior vena cava
inferior vena cava
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_________ returns blood from the heart tissue to the right atrium
coronary sinus
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_________ returns blood from the head, neck, thorax, and upper limbs
superior vena cava
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_________ returns blood from the abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs
inferior vena cava
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
there are 2 pairs of major veins that drain the head and neck
internal and external jugular veins
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
which jugular is more superficial
external
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
the _________ is deep in the neck and drains blood from the cranial vault, anterior head, face, and neck
internal jugular vein
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
both jugular veins join the _________
subclavian veins
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
the jugular and subclavian veins jion to form
brachicephalic veins
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
the two major veins in the upper limb are
cephalic and basilic veins
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
the basilic vein becomes the
axillary vein
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
the axillary vein becomes the
subclavian
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
the cephalic vein joins the
subclavian
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
the _________ connects the cephalic and basilic veins
median cubital vein
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
what vein is blood drawn from
median cubital vein
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
there are 3 major veins for thorax.
right and left brachiocephalic veins
azygos vein
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
the interior thoracic veins drain blood from the anterior thoracic wall via
anterior intercostal veins
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
blood from the posterior thoracic wall is collected by the posterior thoracic veins and drains into the _________ of the right side
azygos vein
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
the left side of the posterior the posterior thoracic wall is drained by the
hemiazygos vein
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_________ drains blood from the posterior abdominal wall
ascending lumbar veins
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
the rest of the blood from the abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs returns to the heart through
inferior vena cava
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
what are the only ograns OUTSIDE of the pelvis to drain directly into inferior vena cava
gonads
kidneys
adrenal glands
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
common iliac veins are formed and create the
inferior vena cava
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_________ is a system of veins and sinus systems in the liver network of blood vessels
hepatic portal system
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
the blood that enters the hepatic portal system is rich with nutrients from
intestines
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
what does the liver do with the hepatic blood
extracts nutrients/store them
cleanses for toxins
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
when the liver cleanses toxins it makes them water soluble. why
sends them to kidneys to go out as urine
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_________ is the largest vein of the portal system
hepatic portal vein
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
what forms the hepatic portal vein
union of the superior mesenteric vein and superior splenic vein
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
what vein drains the small intestine
superior mesenteric
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
what vein drains the spleen
superior splenic vein
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
what veins merge into the superior splenic vein
inferior mesenteric
pancreatic vein
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
how many veins of lower limbs
6
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
what are the veins of lower limbs
anterior and posterior tibial popliteal femoral great saphenous small saphenous small saphenous
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_________ are formed by the union of the anterior and posterior tibial veins at the level of the knee
popliteal veins
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_________ is the continuation of the popliteal vein in the thigh
femoral vein
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
the femoral vein becomes the
external iliac vein
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_________ is the longest vein of the body.
great saphenous vein
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
the great saphenous vein starts on the _________ of the foot and travels up the side of the leg and dumps _________
dorsal medial side
femoral vein
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_________ starts at the lateral side of the foot and travels the posterior leg to the popliteal vein
small saphenous vein
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
the lymphatic system only functions to carry _________ away from tissues
FLUIDS
NOT BLOOD
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_________ is the starting point of the lymph vessel
lymph capillaries
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
lymph capillaries differ from blood in that they
lack a basement membrane
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
how are lymph vessel lining more permeable
simple squamous epithelium is slightly overlapped and attached loosely
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
where are lymph capillaries not found
CNS
bone marrow
tissue w/no blood vessels
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
how does lymph vessel contract
skeletal muscle surrounding lymph vessel contracts around it
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_________ is the smooth streamlined flow of fluid in a tube
laminar flow
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
flow in a vessel consists of the movement of
concentric layers
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_________ interrupts the smooth laminar flow of fluid through the tube
turbulent flow
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
when does turbulent flow occur
rate of flow exceeds a critical velocity or when interrupted by constriction
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_________ is the measure of force blood exerts against a vessel wall
blood pressure
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
blood pressure is measured in
millimeters of mercury or mm Hg
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
blood pressure is evaluated using _________ and a _________
ausculatation
blood pressure cuff
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
ausculatation is
listening with a stethoscope
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
blood pressure cuff
sphygmomanometer
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
where is stethoscope placed
over brachial artery
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
what sounds are heard when evaluating blood pressure
korotkoff sounds
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_________ is the volume of blood that flows through a specific point per unit of time
rate of blood flow
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
rate of blood flow is expressed
ml per minute or Liters per minute
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
the cardiac output at rest is
5 ml/min
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_________ is flow decreases when resistance increases, and resistance t flow decreases with an increase in the diameter of the vessel
Poiseuille’s Law
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_________ is a measure of resistance of a liquid to flow
viscosity
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_________ is the percent of the total volume of blood that is composed of erythrocytes
hematocrit
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
increase in _________ makes blood more viscous
rbcs
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_________ states that the force that stretches the vascular wall is proportional to the diameter of the vessel times the BP.
Laplace’s Law
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_________ is the change in the vessel when blood volume increases the pressure also increases
vascular compliance
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
normal systolic pressure in the aorta
120 mmHg
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
normal diastolic pressure in aorta
80 mmHg
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_________ is the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures
pulse pressure
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
normal pulse pressure
40 mmHg
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
a large pulse pressure indicateds
heart is working too hard to get blood thru system
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_________ is the state of continual partial contraction of the veins as a result of sympathetic stimulations
venous tone
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
blood pressure is _________ in the right atrium and averages _________ in the aorta.
0 mmHg
100 mmHg
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
the pressure in the vessels increases with
gravity
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
blood to the tissue is controlled 2 ways
local
nervous
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
blood flow is _________ to the metabolic needs of the tissue
proportional
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
what are some chemicals that stimulate vasodilation
CO2 lactic acid adenosine AMP K+ H. A
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
lack of _________ can also increase the flow of blood to tissues
nutrients
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_________ is the maintenance of blood flow by the tissues
autoregulation of blood flow
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_________ is regulated by the metabolic needs of the tissue
long term local blood flow
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_________ is important in the minute to minute regulation of blood flow
nervous regulation
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
nervous control is done by the
autonomic division of the NS
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
what division of the nervous control has most important part
sympathetic
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
sympathetic stimulation causes _________ of the vessels
vasoconstriction
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_________ located in the lower pons and upper medullar
vasomotor center
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
he vasomotor has 2 parts to it
excitatory
inhibitory
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
the vasomotor excitatory part is always
tonically active
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
the inhibitory part of the vasomotor is always
stimulating vasodilation
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
what controls the parts of the vasomotor center
cerebral cortex
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_________ is about 100mmHg. It is calculated by the cardiac output times the peripheral resistance
mean arterial pressure
MAP=CO x PR
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_________ is response to sudden loss of blood volume or sudden change in blood pressure
short term regulation of blood flow
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
what regulates short term regulation of blood flow
baroreceptor reflexes
chemoreceptor reflexes
CNS ischemic response mechanism
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_________ are pressure receptors that respond to stretch
baroreceptors
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
largest amount of baroreceptors are found
carotid artery and aortic arch
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
barareceptors in the carotid sinus send impulses to the regulatory centers via the
glossopharyngeal nerve
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
receptors from teh aoritc arch send impulses through the
vagus nerve
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
the secretion of epinephrine and norepinepherine occurs in the
adrenal medulla
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
Epinephrine and norepinepherine are released due to
increased sympathetic stimulation
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
epi and norepi hormones cause increased
heart rate
stroke volume
vasoconstriction of vessels in skin/viscera
vasodilation of cardiac vessels
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_________ are sensitive to changes inO2 and CO2 levels
chemoreceptors
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
chemoreceptors are _________ to change blood pressure
short term fast acting emergency mechanisms
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_________ occurs when the blood flow to the vasomotor centers of the medulla decreases, and results in a build up of CO2 and H.
CNS ischemic response
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
CNS ischemic response causes a
sharp rise in vasoconstriction to increase blood pressure and O2 levels
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
when does the CNS ischemic response occur
when blood pressure drops belwo 50 mmHg
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_________ is an enzyme released from the kidney into th circulatory system
renin
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
renin is released from the
juxatagloberular apparatuses of the kidney
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
renin acts on _________ to form angiotensin I
angiotensinogen
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
Angiotensin I travels in the blood stream to the lungs wehre it is converted to
Angiotensin II
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
angiotensin II causes
vasoconstriction of arterioles AKA
RAISE BP
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
Angiotensin II will also stimulate the release of
aldosterone
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
function of aldosterone
stimulate kidneys to reabsorb NAm, H20, and CL ions
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
what happens with release of aldosterone
decrease urine. keeps blood volume up
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_________ is a hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary in response to changes in blood pressure
vasopressin (ADH)
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_________ is released from cells in the atria of the heart.
atrial natriuretic mechanism
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
atrial natriuretic makes kidneys
produce more urine.
WILL DECREASE BP
Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
_________ occcurs in response to changes in blood pressure along the capillary walls.
fluid shift mechanism
