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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization Notes > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

how many types of cells are in teh body

A

about 200

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2
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

what is the study of tissues

A

histology

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3
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

how many types of tissues in body

A

4

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4
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

what are the types of tissues in body

A

epithelial
connective
muscle
neural

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5
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

epithelial tissue includes:

A

glands

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6
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

epithelial tissues cover

A

internal and external surfaces

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7
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

glands are

A

secretary structures that are made from epithelial tissue

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8
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

the skin is

A

epithelium tissue

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9
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

what lines the gi tract, respiratory tract, reproductive and urinary tracts

A

epithelium tissue

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10
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

characteristics of epithelium

A 
cellularity
polarity
attachment
avascularity
regeneration
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11
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

function of epithelial tissue is

A

provide physical protection, control permeability, provide sensation, and produce specialized secreations via glandular epithelium

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12
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

epithelia that line pasageways have ___ present

A

microvilli

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13
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

where is stereocilia found

A

male reproductive tract and the inner ear

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14
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

epithelia attaches to other cells by _______

A

cell junctions

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15
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

how many types of cell junctions

A

3

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16
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

what are the cell junctions

A

tight junctions
gap junctions
desmosomes

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17
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

epithelia can be classified by

A

shape

based on view under microscope

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18
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

what are the shapes for epithelia

A

squamous
cuboidal
columnar

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19
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

also can classify epithelia by

A

number of layers

simple or stratified

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20
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

squamous epithelium

A

thin flat and irregular in shape

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21
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

simple squamaous is found

A

where absorption takes place or where a slick surface is required to reduce friction

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22
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

mesothelium

A

a specialized epithelium that does not contact the outside world, they line the ventral body cavities, the pleura peritoneum and pericardium

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23
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

endothelium

A

simple epithelia that line the heart and all blood vessels.

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24
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

stratified epithelial is found

A

where mechanical stress is severe

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25
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

cuboidal epithelial

A

provide limited protection, and are located where secretions are promient

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26
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

stratified epithelial cells are rare but can be found in the

A

sweat and mammary glands

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27
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

columnar epithelium

A

apear rectangular and are tall and slender.

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28
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

simple columnar is found

A

in areas of scretion and absorption and function to protect lining from chemical stress (intestines)

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29
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

glandular epithelia - endocrine

A

secretions which are hormones, are released into the surrounding interstital fluid and blood

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30
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

glandular epithelia - exocrine

A

the secretions usually enzymes are released into the skin or other epithelial surfaces.

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31
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

this secretion is where the product is released from secretory vesicles by exocytosis

A

merocrine secretion

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32
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

this secretion involves the loss of cytoplasm as well as the secretory product

A

apocrine secretion

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33
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

which secretion involves when teh cell becomes packed with secretory material and then bursts liberating the material - destroying the cell

A

holocrine

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34
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

connective tissue includes

A

bone
fat
blood

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35
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

connective tissue share 3 componenets

A

specialized cells
cellular protein fibers
fluid called the ground substance

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36
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

what is the matrix

A

ground substance and the extracellular fibers

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37
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

connective tissue function

A

by providing a structural framework for the body, transporting fluids and dissolved materials, protecting organs, supporting other tissues, storing energy reserves, adn defending the body from invading pathogens

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38
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

there are 3 classifications of connective tissue

A

connective tissue proper
fluid connective tissues
supportive connective tissues

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39
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

cells found in connective tissues vary from ______ cells to cells that are ________ into the tissue to perform a needed function

A

permanent

imported

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40
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

Cells found in connective tissue:

A 
fibroblasts
macrophages
adipocytes
mesenchymal cells
melanocytes
mast cells
lymphocytes
eosinophils
neutrophils
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41
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

_____ are the most prevalent permanent cells in the connective tissue proper

A

fibroblasts

42
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

_______ secretes hyaluronan and protein which together forms proteoglycans

A

fibroblasts

43
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

______ are the cleaners of the cell. cleaning up damaged tissue and kill pathogens taht have invaded the tissue

A

macrophages

44
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

________ which are stem cells that respond to local tissue injury, divide and differetiate into fibroblasts or macrophages

A

mesenchymal cells

45
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

______ store pigment and determine skin color

A

melanocytes

46
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

_____ cells are the mobile cells near blood vessles. they contain the chemicals histamine and heparin which are released after tissue injury and stimulate local inflammation

A

mast cells

47
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

_____ are immune cells that can produce antibodies in response to an invading pathogen

A

lymphocytes

48
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

microphages include the _____ and ______ wich are called phagocytes

A

eosinophils

neutrophils

49
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

there are ____ types of connective tissue fibers

50
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

what are the types of connective tissue fibers

A

collagen
reticular
elastic

51
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

embryonic connective tissues include

A

mesenchyme

52
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

mesenchyme is only found where

A

developing embryo and it contains the stem cells that differeiate into other connective tissues

53
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

______ fills the spaces between organs and acts as cushion to other cells and organs

A

loose connective tissue

54
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

areolar tissue is

A

loose tissue

55
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

adipose is

A

fat tissue

56
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

____ tissue is found in the spleen and liver

57
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

dense connective tissue is fibrous tissue taht contains dense amounts of _____ fibers.

58
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

___________ make the tendons and ligaments of the skeletal system

A

dense connective tissue

59
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

fluid connective tissue are

A

blood and lymph

60
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

the formed elements of blood are

A

red blood cells RBC
white blood cells WBC
platelets

61
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

RBC or _______ accounts for ____ the volume of the blood

A

erythrocyte

half

62
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

the RBC transport ______ to the tissues of the body

63
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

______ is the watery matrix of the blood and contains the WBS or __________

A

plasma

leukocytes

64
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

the wbc are the ______

A

immune cells

65
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

______ are little packs of cytoplasm that contain enzymes, and are responsible for ________

A

platelets

blood clotting

66
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

______ is a matrix of a firm gel that is made up of polysaccharides, chondroitin sulfate

67
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

______ are the cartilage cells

A

chondrocytes

68
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

cartilage is ________ and gets its food by diffusion with normal joint motion

69
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

________ is when the joints do not move as they should as body ages, breaking down the cartilage

A

degenerative joint disease

70
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

cartilage grows in two ways

A

interstitial

appositional growth

71
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

_______ growth occurs with cell division and happens from within

A

interstitial

72
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

in ______ growth, new layers of cartilage are added on the surface.

A

appositional

73
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

types of cartilage

A

hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage

74
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

____ is made up of a mixture of calcium salts in the form of calcium phosphate as well as smaller amounts of calcium carbonate

75
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

the rest of the osseous matrix is

76
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

______ are found in the lacunae; they are bone cells

A

osteocytes

77
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

osteocytes communicate with the blood system and themselves by travelling through ________ which are long passageways in the matrix

A

canaliculi

78
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

the bone surface is surrounded by

A

the periosteum

79
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

membranes include

A

mucous, serous, cutaneous, and the synovial

80
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

the connective tissues make the _______ of the body

A

internal framework

81
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

the internal framework of the body provides:

A

strength and support
maintain the positions of the internal organs
rovide a route for the blood vessels, lymph, and nerves

82
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

_____ are layers of connective tissue taht support and surround organs

83
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

the layers of fascia are

A

superficial fascia or subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)
deep fascia
subserous fascia

84
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

3 types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

85
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

___ muscle is only found in the heart

86
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

cardiac muscles lack ______ needed for regeneration

A

satellite cells

87
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

cardiac muscles are regulated by

A

pacemaker cells

88
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

how do pacemaker cells regulate heart

A

electrically control the contraction

this is involuntary muscle control

89
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

____ is found in the walls of blood vessels around hollow organs, and in layers of the respiratory tract

A

smooth muscle

90
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

________ is specialized to conduct electrical impulses from one region of the body to another

91
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

____ are the longest cells in the body

92
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

a neuron has a large cell body and branching processes called ____ and one axon

93
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

____- carry info inot othe cell body and ____ carry info away from teh cell body

A

dendrites

axons

94
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

______ is the first phase when a tissue has been injured

A

inflammation

95
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

signs of injured tissue

A 
inflammation
swelling
redness
warmth
pain at site
96
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

second phase of injury

A

regeneration or repair

97
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

during repair ________ are active at the injured site

A

fibroblasts

98
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

Fibroblasts will build a _______ around the injured site and begin to rebuild new tissue

A

fibrous wall

99
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

the new tissue isn’t as good as the original tissue because

A

the fibrosis of repair occurs in a disorganized manner.

100
Q

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

what do you feel under skin on clients

A

fibrous nodules. they will be tender and hard but you can break then up with deep tissue work

Anatomy & Physiology (30 decks)

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