Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart Notes Flashcards
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
adult heart is the shape of a
blunt cone
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
average size of adult heart
closed fist
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
blunt rounded point of the cone
apex
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
flt larger portion of the cone
base
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
heart is located
thoracic cavity
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
heart is located between the ________ in a midline partition called the _______
lungs
mediastinum
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
what forms the mediastinum
heart
esophagus
trachea
associated structures
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
heart lies in a _______ position
oblique
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
the apex of the heart is directed to the
left
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
approximately _____ of the heart’s mass lies left of the midline of the sternum
2/3
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
heart consists of ______ chambers
4
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
what are the chambers of the heart
two atria
two ventricles
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
the heart is surrounded by a double-layered closed sac called the _________ or _________
pericardium
pericardial sac
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
the pericardium consists of ______ outer layer
tough fibrous connective tissue
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
name of the outer layer of pericardium
fibrous pericardium
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
pericardium has a ________ inner layer
simple squamous epithlium
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
name of the inner layer of pericardium
serous pericardium
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
function of the fibrous pericardium
help hold the heart in place
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
function of the serous pericardium
reduce friction as the heart beats
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
the ________ lines the fibrous pericardium
parietal pericardium
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
the ________ lines the exterior surface of the heart
visceral pericardium
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
_______ is contained in the pericardial cavity between the parietal and visceral pericardium
pericardial fluid
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
_______ is inflammation of the serous pericardium
pericarditis
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
cause of pericarditis
infection
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
what mimics a myocardial infarction
pericarditis
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
heart attack
myocardial infarction
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
_______ is an accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac. when the heart is in its relaxation plase the fluid compresses the heart muscle and it cannot fill with blood to send to the body
cardiac tamponade
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
the heart wall has _______ layers
3
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
3 layers of heart wall
outer epicardium
middle myocardium
inner endocardium
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
other name of outer epicardium
visceral pericardium
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
function of the outer epicardium
provide protection against friction of rubbing organs
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
the middle myocardium is composed of
cardiac muscle cells
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
function of middle myocardium
contraction
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
function of the inner endocardium
reduces the friction resulting from blood passing through the heart
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
the inner surfaces of the atria are mainly
smooth
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
the _______ have raised areas
auricles
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
raised areas on auricles are called
musculi pectinati or
pectinate muscles
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
the ventricles have ridges called
trabeculae carneae
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
each atrium has a flap called
auricle
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
the atria are separated from the ventricles by the
coronary sulcus
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
right and left ventricles are separated by the
interventricular sulcus or groove
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
the inferior and superior venae cavae and the coronary sinus enter the
right atrium
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
the 4 pulmonary veins enter the
left atrium
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
the pulmonary trunk exits the
right ventricle
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
the aorta exits the
left ventricle
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
_______ branch off the aorta to supply the heart
coronary arteries
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
blood returns from the heart tissues to the right atrium through the
coronary sinus and cardiac veins (great and small)
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
the right atrium has _______ major openings
3
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
what are the 3 major openings in right atrium
superior cava
inferior vena cava
coronary sinus
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
what travels through the openings in the right atrium
veins from various parts of the body
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
the left atrium has _______ openings
4
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
what is received in the openings in the left atrium
pulmonary veins
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
the atria are separated from each other by the
interatrial septum
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
the ventricles are separated by the
interventricular septum
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
the right atrium and ventricle are separated bu
tricuspid valve
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
the left atrium and ventricle are separated by the
bicuspid or mitral valve
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
the cone-shaped muscular pillars are called
papillary muscles
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
the papillary muscles are attached to the _______ by _______
atrioventricular valves
chordae tendineage
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
the aorta and pulmonary trunk are seperated from the ventricles by
semilunar valves
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
the _______ is the location of the former foramen ovale
fossa ovalis
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
where does the mother’s oxygenated blood in utero bypass the baby’s lungs and go into the left ventricle and out into the body
foramen ovale
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
when does the foramen ovale close
1st breath
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
_______ is pain that results from reduction in blood supply to cardiac muscles.
- Pain is temporary
- if blood flow restored little to no perm damage
angina pectoris
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
characteristic of angina pectoris
*chest discomfort deep in the sternum
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
what most often causes angina pectoris
narrowed and hardened coronary arterial walls
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
_______ results from a prolonged lack of blood flow to a part of the cardiac muscle resulting in a lack of oxygen and cellular death
myocardial infarction (MI)
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
what is time limit to have no cell death occur in a MI
20 minutes
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
what is most common cause of MI
thrombus formation that blocks a coronary artery
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
_______ partially blocking blood vessels, resulting in turbulent blood flow increase the probability of thrombus formation
atherosclerotic lesions
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
_______ is a process whereby a small ballon is threaded through the aorta and into a coronary artery. Inflated, flattening the athersclerotic deposits against the vessel walls, opening the blocked vessel
angioplasty
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
_______ is a surgical procedure that relieves the effects of obstructions in the coronary arteries.
coronary bypass
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
blood from the body flows through the _______ into the _______, and then flows to the _______.
right atrium
right ventricle
lungs
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
blood returns from the _______ to the _______, enters the _______ and is pumped back to the body
lungs
left atrium
left ventricle
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
the _______ consists of a plate of fibrous connective tissue between the atria and ventricles
fibrous heart skeleton
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
the fibrous plate forms fibrous rings around _______ and _______ valves
atrioventricular
semilunar
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
function of heart skeleton fibrous plate
solid support for valves
electrical insulation between the valves
point of attachment for cardiac muscles
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
cardiac muscles are _______ that contain one or occasionally two centrally located nuclei
elongated branching cells
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
_______ and _______ are organized to from _______
actin
myosin
sacromeres
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
sacromeres join end to end to form
myofibrils
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
cardiac muscle cells are joined by
intercalated disks
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
the _______ of the intercalated disks have folds
membranes
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
the intercalated disks fit together with adjacent cells, increasing
contact between them
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
specialized membrane structures called _______ hold the cells together
desmosomes
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
_______ function as areas of low electric resistance between the cells
gap junctions
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
the gap junctions allow _______ to move from one cell to the next.
action potential
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
_______, the cardiac muscle cells behave as a single unit
electrically
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
cardiac muscles cells have a slow ________ and a prolonged ________ caused by the length of time required for calcium to move to and from the myofibrils
onset of contraction
contraction time
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
cardiac muscle is well supplied with blood vessels that support
aerobic respiration
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
cardiac cells are rich in
mitochondria
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
what do mitochondria perform
oxidative metabolism
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
cardiac muscle aerobically use ________, ________, and ________ to produce ATP
glucose
fatty acids
lactic acid
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
a ________ provides an adequate oxygen supply to the cardiac muscle cells
extensive capillary network
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
the ________ of the heart, which relays electric action potentials through the heart
conducting system
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
the conducting system consits of ________ that form two nodes and a ________
modified cardiac muscle cells
conducting bundle
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
what is SA node
sinoatrial node
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
what is AV node
atrioventricular node
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
where are the SA and AV nodes located
right atrium
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
the AV node is connected to the bundle branches in the ________ by the AV bundel
interventricular septum
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
the bundle branches give rise to ________ which are large diameter cardiac muscle fibers
Purkinje fibers
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
action potentials travel along the ________ much more rapidly than through other cardiac muscle tissue
Purkinje fibers
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
what initiates action potentials
SA node
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
action potentials are slowed where
AV node
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
cardiac cells, like neuron and muscle fibers have a
resting membrane potential (RMP)
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
the resting membrane potential relies on low permeability of the cell membrane to ________ and ________ ions and a higher permeability to ________ ions.
Na+
Ca2+
K+
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
cardiac muscles fibers exhibit depolarization followed by repolarization of the
RMP
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
do the action potentials in cardiac muscles last longer/shorter than skeletal muscle
longer
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
after depolarization and partial repolarization there is a ________, during which the membrane potential only slowly repolarizes
plateau
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
________ is caused by the movement of sodium ions through the voltage-gated Na+ ion channels
depolarization
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
________ let sodium ions into the cell to produce the depolarization phase of the action potential
voltage dependent fast channels
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
________ results from closure of the voltage gated Na+ ion channels
partial repolarization
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
the plateau exists because voltage-gated ________ remain open and ________ channels remain closed
Ca2+
K
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
the ________ results from closure of the voltage-gated Ca2+ ion channels and opening of K+ ion channels
rapid phase of repolarization
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
cardiac muscles are
autorhymic
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
under unusual circumstances, other regions of heart called ________ can initiate beats
ectopic pacemakers or ectopic foci
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
________ are widely used clinically in treatment of various cardiac disorders
calcium channel blockers
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
calcium channel blockers do this
reduce autorhymicity of the heart
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
calcium channel blocker affect which node
SA
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
cardiac muscle have a prolonged ________ and ________
depolarization
refractory period
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
the conduction of action potentials through the myocardium during the cardiac cycle produces ________ that can be measured at the surface of the body
electric currents
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
what measures these electrical currents
electrocardiogram (ECG)
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
how many different waves does ECG record
3
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
what are the waves of ECG
P wave
QRS complex
T wave
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
depolarization of the ________ produces the P wave
atria
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
depolarization of the ________ produces the QRS complex
ventricles
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
repolarization of the ________ occurs during the QRS complex
atria
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
repolarization of the ________ produces the T wave
ventricles
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
ECG can be used to diagnose
heart abnormalities
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
the cardiac cycle is
repetitive contraction and relaxation of the heart chambers
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
blood moves through the circulatory system from areas of ________ to ________ of pressure
higher
lower
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
what produces the pressure levels
heart contractions
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
________ is contraction of a heart chamber
systole
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
________ is relaxation of a heart chamber
diastole
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
________ is the beginning of the cardiac cycle
atrial systole
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
contraction of the atria complets ________ filling
ventricular
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
pressure changes in the atria include the ________, the ________, and the ________
a wave
c wave
v wave
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
a wave caused by
atrial contraction
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
c wave caused by
ventricular contraction
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
v wave caused by
blood flowing into the atria
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
contraction of the ventricles cause blood to move to the ________ and the ________
lungs
body
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
pressure generated by the ________ is lower than that generated by the ________.
right ventricle
left ventricle
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
right ventricle sends blood to
lungs
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
left ventricle sends blood to
body
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
during the period of ________, ventricular contraction causes an increas in pressure within the ventricles, but no movement of blood out of them
isometric contraction
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
blood flows from the ventricles during
ejection
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
the period between semilunar valv closure and atrioventricular valve opening, during which no blood flows from the atria into the ventricles is called the period of
isometric relaxation
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
during diastole blood flows from the atria into the ventricles, increasing the volume of each ventricle to
120-130 ml
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
as the ventricles empty of blood during systole the volume decreases to
50-60 ml
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
cardiac output or ________ is stroke volume x heart rate
minute stroke
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
difference between the cardiac output when a person is at rest and the maximum cardiac output is called the
cardiac reserve
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
cardiac output is a major factor in determing
blood pressure (BP)
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
what is critical to maintaining homeostasis
blood movement
blood pressure
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
MAP = CO x PR
mean BP = cardiac output x peripheral resistance
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
________ of the aorta maintains presure in teh aorta and produces ________
elastic recoil
dicrotic notch
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
blood pressure measurements reflect the pressure in the
aorta
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
normal/average blood pressure
120/80
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
first heart sound
lubb
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
what produces 1st heart sound
closure of atrioventricular valves
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
when is 1st heart sound
near beginning of ventricular systole
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
2nd heart sound
dupp
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
what produces 2nd heart sound
closure of semilunar valves
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
when is 2nd heart sound
near end of systole
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
when is systole
time between 2 heart sounds
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
when is diastole
between 2nd and 1st heart sounds
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
occasionally a 3rd heart sound. what causes it
turbulent blood flow
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
who most often has 3rd heart sound
thin young people
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
abnormal heart sounds are called
murmurs
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
_______ have an abnormally narrow opening and produce abnormal heart sounds
stenosed
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
_______ of the heart valve can cause valves to become either incompetent or stenosed
inflammation
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
the cardiac output is controlled by regulatory mechanisms classified as either _______ or _______
intrinsic
extrinsic
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
_______ results from the normal functional characteristics of the heart and does not depend on either innervation or hormonal regulation
intrinsic
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
_______ involves neural and hormonal control.
extrinsic
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
neural regulation of the heart results from _______ and _______ reflexes
sympathetic
parasympathetic
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
major hormonal regulation comes from _______ and _______
epinephrine
norepinephrine
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
what secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
adrenal medulla
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
_______ is the amount of blood that returns to the heart during each cardiac cycle
venous return
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
_______ describes the relationship between preload and the stroke volume of the heart
Starling’s law of the heart
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
preload is
the extent to which the ventricular walls are stretched
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
_______ is the pressure the contracting ventricles must produce to overcome the pressure in teh aorta and move the blood into the aorta
afterload
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
increased venous return does what
stretches the SA node
increases heart rate
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
the cardioregulatory center in the _______ regulates the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous control of the heart
medulla oblongata
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
parasympathetic stimulation is supplied by
vagus nerve
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
parasympathetic stimulation does this
decreases the heart rate
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
sympathetic stimulation is supplied by the
cardiac nerves
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
sympathetic stimulation does this
increases heart rate
increases force of contraction
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
postganglionic neurons secrete _______ in parasympathetic stimulation
acetylcholine
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
postganglionic neurons secrete _______ in sympathetic stimulation
norepinephrine
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
sympathetic stimulation release _______ and _______ from adrenal medulla into the blood
epinephrine
norepinephrine
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
the effects of hormonal stimulation last _______ than neural stimulation
longer
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
hormonal stimulation do this
increase the rate and force of heart contraction
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
the activity of the heart must be regulated because the _______ of the tissues change under such conditions as exercies and rest
metabolic activites
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
_______ monitor blood pressure
baroreceptors
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
what do baroreceptors do
change parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation levels based off blood pressure increases
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
heart rate increases in response to
stretching of the right atrial wall
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
_______ monitor blood carbon dioxide, ph, and oxygen levels
chemoreceptors
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
in response to _______, medullary chemoreceptors increase _______ and decrease _______ of the heart
increased CO2, decreased pH
sympathetic
parasympathetic
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
_______ stimulated by low O2 levels and results in increased heart rate and vasoconstriction
carotid body chemoreceptors
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
an increase of decrease in _______ decreases heart rate
extracellular K+ ions
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
_______ increase the force of cotnraction of the heart and decrease the heart rate.
increased cellular Ca2+
Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart
heart rate increases when _______ increases
body temp
