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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart Notes > Flashcards

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

adult heart is the shape of a

A

blunt cone

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2
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

average size of adult heart

A

closed fist

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3
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

blunt rounded point of the cone

A

apex

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4
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

flt larger portion of the cone

A

base

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5
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

heart is located

A

thoracic cavity

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6
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

heart is located between the ________ in a midline partition called the _______

A

lungs

mediastinum

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7
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

what forms the mediastinum

A

heart
esophagus
trachea
associated structures

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8
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

heart lies in a _______ position

A

oblique

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9
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

the apex of the heart is directed to the

A

left

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10
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

approximately _____ of the heart’s mass lies left of the midline of the sternum

A

2/3

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11
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

heart consists of ______ chambers

A

4

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12
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

what are the chambers of the heart

A

two atria

two ventricles

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13
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

the heart is surrounded by a double-layered closed sac called the _________ or _________

A

pericardium

pericardial sac

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14
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

the pericardium consists of ______ outer layer

A

tough fibrous connective tissue

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15
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

name of the outer layer of pericardium

A

fibrous pericardium

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16
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

pericardium has a ________ inner layer

A

simple squamous epithlium

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17
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

name of the inner layer of pericardium

A

serous pericardium

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18
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

function of the fibrous pericardium

A

help hold the heart in place

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19
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

function of the serous pericardium

A

reduce friction as the heart beats

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20
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

the ________ lines the fibrous pericardium

A

parietal pericardium

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21
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

the ________ lines the exterior surface of the heart

A

visceral pericardium

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22
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

_______ is contained in the pericardial cavity between the parietal and visceral pericardium

A

pericardial fluid

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23
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

_______ is inflammation of the serous pericardium

A

pericarditis

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24
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

cause of pericarditis

A

infection

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25
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

what mimics a myocardial infarction

A

pericarditis

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26
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

heart attack

A

myocardial infarction

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27
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

_______ is an accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac. when the heart is in its relaxation plase the fluid compresses the heart muscle and it cannot fill with blood to send to the body

A

cardiac tamponade

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28
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

the heart wall has _______ layers

A

3

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29
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

3 layers of heart wall

A

outer epicardium
middle myocardium
inner endocardium

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30
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

other name of outer epicardium

A

visceral pericardium

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31
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

function of the outer epicardium

A

provide protection against friction of rubbing organs

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32
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

the middle myocardium is composed of

A

cardiac muscle cells

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33
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

function of middle myocardium

A

contraction

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34
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

function of the inner endocardium

A

reduces the friction resulting from blood passing through the heart

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35
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

the inner surfaces of the atria are mainly

A

smooth

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36
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

the _______ have raised areas

A

auricles

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37
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

raised areas on auricles are called

A

musculi pectinati or

pectinate muscles

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38
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

the ventricles have ridges called

A

trabeculae carneae

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39
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

each atrium has a flap called

A

auricle

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40
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

the atria are separated from the ventricles by the

A

coronary sulcus

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41
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

right and left ventricles are separated by the

A

interventricular sulcus or groove

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42
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

the inferior and superior venae cavae and the coronary sinus enter the

A

right atrium

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43
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

the 4 pulmonary veins enter the

A

left atrium

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44
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

the pulmonary trunk exits the

A

right ventricle

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45
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

the aorta exits the

A

left ventricle

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46
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

_______ branch off the aorta to supply the heart

A

coronary arteries

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47
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

blood returns from the heart tissues to the right atrium through the

A 
coronary sinus and 
cardiac veins (great and small)
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48
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

the right atrium has _______ major openings

A

3

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49
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

what are the 3 major openings in right atrium

A

superior cava
inferior vena cava
coronary sinus

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50
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

what travels through the openings in the right atrium

A

veins from various parts of the body

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51
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

the left atrium has _______ openings

A

4

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52
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

what is received in the openings in the left atrium

A

pulmonary veins

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53
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

the atria are separated from each other by the

A

interatrial septum

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54
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

the ventricles are separated by the

A

interventricular septum

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55
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

the right atrium and ventricle are separated bu

A

tricuspid valve

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56
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

the left atrium and ventricle are separated by the

A

bicuspid or mitral valve

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57
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

the cone-shaped muscular pillars are called

A

papillary muscles

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58
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

the papillary muscles are attached to the _______ by _______

A

atrioventricular valves

chordae tendineage

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59
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

the aorta and pulmonary trunk are seperated from the ventricles by

A

semilunar valves

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60
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

the _______ is the location of the former foramen ovale

A

fossa ovalis

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61
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

where does the mother’s oxygenated blood in utero bypass the baby’s lungs and go into the left ventricle and out into the body

A

foramen ovale

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62
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

when does the foramen ovale close

A

1st breath

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63
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

_______ is pain that results from reduction in blood supply to cardiac muscles.

  • Pain is temporary
  • if blood flow restored little to no perm damage
A

angina pectoris

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64
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

characteristic of angina pectoris

A

*chest discomfort deep in the sternum

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65
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

what most often causes angina pectoris

A

narrowed and hardened coronary arterial walls

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66
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

_______ results from a prolonged lack of blood flow to a part of the cardiac muscle resulting in a lack of oxygen and cellular death

A

myocardial infarction (MI)

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67
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

what is time limit to have no cell death occur in a MI

A

20 minutes

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68
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

what is most common cause of MI

A

thrombus formation that blocks a coronary artery

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69
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

_______ partially blocking blood vessels, resulting in turbulent blood flow increase the probability of thrombus formation

A

atherosclerotic lesions

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70
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

_______ is a process whereby a small ballon is threaded through the aorta and into a coronary artery. Inflated, flattening the athersclerotic deposits against the vessel walls, opening the blocked vessel

A

angioplasty

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71
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

_______ is a surgical procedure that relieves the effects of obstructions in the coronary arteries.

A

coronary bypass

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72
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

blood from the body flows through the _______ into the _______, and then flows to the _______.

A

right atrium
right ventricle
lungs

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73
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

blood returns from the _______ to the _______, enters the _______ and is pumped back to the body

A

lungs
left atrium
left ventricle

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74
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

the _______ consists of a plate of fibrous connective tissue between the atria and ventricles

A

fibrous heart skeleton

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75
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

the fibrous plate forms fibrous rings around _______ and _______ valves

A

atrioventricular

semilunar

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76
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

function of heart skeleton fibrous plate

A

solid support for valves
electrical insulation between the valves
point of attachment for cardiac muscles

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77
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

cardiac muscles are _______ that contain one or occasionally two centrally located nuclei

A

elongated branching cells

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78
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

_______ and _______ are organized to from _______

A

actin
myosin
sacromeres

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79
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

sacromeres join end to end to form

A

myofibrils

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80
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

cardiac muscle cells are joined by

A

intercalated disks

81
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

the _______ of the intercalated disks have folds

A

membranes

82
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

the intercalated disks fit together with adjacent cells, increasing

A

contact between them

83
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

specialized membrane structures called _______ hold the cells together

A

desmosomes

84
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

_______ function as areas of low electric resistance between the cells

A

gap junctions

85
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

the gap junctions allow _______ to move from one cell to the next.

A

action potential

86
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

_______, the cardiac muscle cells behave as a single unit

A

electrically

87
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

cardiac muscles cells have a slow ________ and a prolonged ________ caused by the length of time required for calcium to move to and from the myofibrils

A

onset of contraction

contraction time

88
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

cardiac muscle is well supplied with blood vessels that support

A

aerobic respiration

89
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

cardiac cells are rich in

A

mitochondria

90
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

what do mitochondria perform

A

oxidative metabolism

91
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

cardiac muscle aerobically use ________, ________, and ________ to produce ATP

A

glucose
fatty acids
lactic acid

92
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

a ________ provides an adequate oxygen supply to the cardiac muscle cells

A

extensive capillary network

93
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

the ________ of the heart, which relays electric action potentials through the heart

A

conducting system

94
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

the conducting system consits of ________ that form two nodes and a ________

A

modified cardiac muscle cells

conducting bundle

95
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

what is SA node

A

sinoatrial node

96
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

what is AV node

A

atrioventricular node

97
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

where are the SA and AV nodes located

A

right atrium

98
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

the AV node is connected to the bundle branches in the ________ by the AV bundel

A

interventricular septum

99
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

the bundle branches give rise to ________ which are large diameter cardiac muscle fibers

A

Purkinje fibers

100
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

action potentials travel along the ________ much more rapidly than through other cardiac muscle tissue

A

Purkinje fibers

101
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

what initiates action potentials

A

SA node

102
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

action potentials are slowed where

A

AV node

103
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

cardiac cells, like neuron and muscle fibers have a

A

resting membrane potential (RMP)

104
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

the resting membrane potential relies on low permeability of the cell membrane to ________ and ________ ions and a higher permeability to ________ ions.

A

Na+
Ca2+
K+

105
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

cardiac muscles fibers exhibit depolarization followed by repolarization of the

A

RMP

106
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

do the action potentials in cardiac muscles last longer/shorter than skeletal muscle

A

longer

107
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

after depolarization and partial repolarization there is a ________, during which the membrane potential only slowly repolarizes

A

plateau

108
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

________ is caused by the movement of sodium ions through the voltage-gated Na+ ion channels

A

depolarization

109
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

________ let sodium ions into the cell to produce the depolarization phase of the action potential

A

voltage dependent fast channels

110
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

________ results from closure of the voltage gated Na+ ion channels

A

partial repolarization

111
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

the plateau exists because voltage-gated ________ remain open and ________ channels remain closed

A

Ca2+

K

112
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

the ________ results from closure of the voltage-gated Ca2+ ion channels and opening of K+ ion channels

A

rapid phase of repolarization

113
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

cardiac muscles are

A

autorhymic

114
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

under unusual circumstances, other regions of heart called ________ can initiate beats

A

ectopic pacemakers or ectopic foci

115
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

________ are widely used clinically in treatment of various cardiac disorders

A

calcium channel blockers

116
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

calcium channel blockers do this

A

reduce autorhymicity of the heart

117
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

calcium channel blocker affect which node

A

SA

118
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

cardiac muscle have a prolonged ________ and ________

A

depolarization

refractory period

119
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

the conduction of action potentials through the myocardium during the cardiac cycle produces ________ that can be measured at the surface of the body

A

electric currents

120
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

what measures these electrical currents

A

electrocardiogram (ECG)

121
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

how many different waves does ECG record

A

3

122
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

what are the waves of ECG

A

P wave
QRS complex
T wave

123
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

depolarization of the ________ produces the P wave

A

atria

124
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

depolarization of the ________ produces the QRS complex

A

ventricles

125
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

repolarization of the ________ occurs during the QRS complex

A

atria

126
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

repolarization of the ________ produces the T wave

A

ventricles

127
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

ECG can be used to diagnose

A

heart abnormalities

128
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

the cardiac cycle is

A

repetitive contraction and relaxation of the heart chambers

129
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

blood moves through the circulatory system from areas of ________ to ________ of pressure

A

higher

lower

130
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

what produces the pressure levels

A

heart contractions

131
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

________ is contraction of a heart chamber

A

systole

132
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

________ is relaxation of a heart chamber

A

diastole

133
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

________ is the beginning of the cardiac cycle

A

atrial systole

134
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

contraction of the atria complets ________ filling

A

ventricular

135
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

pressure changes in the atria include the ________, the ________, and the ________

A

a wave
c wave
v wave

136
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

a wave caused by

A

atrial contraction

137
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

c wave caused by

A

ventricular contraction

138
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

v wave caused by

A

blood flowing into the atria

139
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

contraction of the ventricles cause blood to move to the ________ and the ________

A

lungs

body

140
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

pressure generated by the ________ is lower than that generated by the ________.

A

right ventricle

left ventricle

141
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

right ventricle sends blood to

A

lungs

142
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

left ventricle sends blood to

A

body

143
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

during the period of ________, ventricular contraction causes an increas in pressure within the ventricles, but no movement of blood out of them

A

isometric contraction

144
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

blood flows from the ventricles during

A

ejection

145
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

the period between semilunar valv closure and atrioventricular valve opening, during which no blood flows from the atria into the ventricles is called the period of

A

isometric relaxation

146
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

during diastole blood flows from the atria into the ventricles, increasing the volume of each ventricle to

A

120-130 ml

147
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

as the ventricles empty of blood during systole the volume decreases to

A

50-60 ml

148
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

cardiac output or ________ is stroke volume x heart rate

A

minute stroke

149
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

difference between the cardiac output when a person is at rest and the maximum cardiac output is called the

A

cardiac reserve

150
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

cardiac output is a major factor in determing

A

blood pressure (BP)

151
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

what is critical to maintaining homeostasis

A

blood movement

blood pressure

152
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

MAP = CO x PR

A

mean BP = cardiac output x peripheral resistance

153
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

________ of the aorta maintains presure in teh aorta and produces ________

A

elastic recoil

dicrotic notch

154
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

blood pressure measurements reflect the pressure in the

A

aorta

155
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

normal/average blood pressure

A

120/80

156
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

first heart sound

A

lubb

157
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

what produces 1st heart sound

A

closure of atrioventricular valves

158
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

when is 1st heart sound

A

near beginning of ventricular systole

159
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

2nd heart sound

A

dupp

160
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

what produces 2nd heart sound

A

closure of semilunar valves

161
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

when is 2nd heart sound

A

near end of systole

162
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

when is systole

A

time between 2 heart sounds

163
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

when is diastole

A

between 2nd and 1st heart sounds

164
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

occasionally a 3rd heart sound. what causes it

A

turbulent blood flow

165
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

who most often has 3rd heart sound

A

thin young people

166
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

abnormal heart sounds are called

A

murmurs

167
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

_______ have an abnormally narrow opening and produce abnormal heart sounds

A

stenosed

168
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

_______ of the heart valve can cause valves to become either incompetent or stenosed

A

inflammation

169
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

the cardiac output is controlled by regulatory mechanisms classified as either _______ or _______

A

intrinsic

extrinsic

170
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

_______ results from the normal functional characteristics of the heart and does not depend on either innervation or hormonal regulation

A

intrinsic

171
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

_______ involves neural and hormonal control.

A

extrinsic

172
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

neural regulation of the heart results from _______ and _______ reflexes

A

sympathetic

parasympathetic

173
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

major hormonal regulation comes from _______ and _______

A

epinephrine

norepinephrine

174
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

what secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

adrenal medulla

175
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

_______ is the amount of blood that returns to the heart during each cardiac cycle

A

venous return

176
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

_______ describes the relationship between preload and the stroke volume of the heart

A

Starling’s law of the heart

177
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

preload is

A

the extent to which the ventricular walls are stretched

178
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

_______ is the pressure the contracting ventricles must produce to overcome the pressure in teh aorta and move the blood into the aorta

A

afterload

179
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

increased venous return does what

A

stretches the SA node

increases heart rate

180
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

the cardioregulatory center in the _______ regulates the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous control of the heart

A

medulla oblongata

181
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

parasympathetic stimulation is supplied by

A

vagus nerve

182
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

parasympathetic stimulation does this

A

decreases the heart rate

183
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

sympathetic stimulation is supplied by the

A

cardiac nerves

184
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

sympathetic stimulation does this

A

increases heart rate

increases force of contraction

185
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

postganglionic neurons secrete _______ in parasympathetic stimulation

A

acetylcholine

186
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

postganglionic neurons secrete _______ in sympathetic stimulation

A

norepinephrine

187
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

sympathetic stimulation release _______ and _______ from adrenal medulla into the blood

A

epinephrine

norepinephrine

188
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

the effects of hormonal stimulation last _______ than neural stimulation

A

longer

189
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

hormonal stimulation do this

A

increase the rate and force of heart contraction

190
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

the activity of the heart must be regulated because the _______ of the tissues change under such conditions as exercies and rest

A

metabolic activites

191
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

_______ monitor blood pressure

A

baroreceptors

192
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

what do baroreceptors do

A

change parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation levels based off blood pressure increases

193
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

heart rate increases in response to

A

stretching of the right atrial wall

194
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

_______ monitor blood carbon dioxide, ph, and oxygen levels

A

chemoreceptors

195
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

in response to _______, medullary chemoreceptors increase _______ and decrease _______ of the heart

A

increased CO2, decreased pH
sympathetic
parasympathetic

196
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

_______ stimulated by low O2 levels and results in increased heart rate and vasoconstriction

A

carotid body chemoreceptors

197
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

an increase of decrease in _______ decreases heart rate

A

extracellular K+ ions

198
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

_______ increase the force of cotnraction of the heart and decrease the heart rate.

A

increased cellular Ca2+

199
Q

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular System - Heart

heart rate increases when _______ increases

A

body temp

Anatomy & Physiology (30 decks)

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