Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System Flashcards
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
the lymphatic system is comprised of
lymph white blood cells lymph vessels spleen lymph nodes tonsils thymus gland
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
the network of the lymphatic system is found where
throughout the entire body
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
lymph nodes are what shape
round, oval or bean
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
where are lymph nodes found
along the course of the lymph vessels
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
what is function of lymph nodes
filter the lymph
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
will all lymph pass through a node
yes. at least one
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
the lymph vessels converge where
toward right/left subclavian vein
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
vessels from the right limb, right side of the head/neck enter the
right subclavian vein
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
vessels from the left side of the body enter the
thoracic duct
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
thoracic duct ends by entering the
left subclavian vein
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
cisterna chyli is a
holding tank that contains fluid from the lymph vessels
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
where does the liquid in the cisterna chyli come from
digestive tract
lower limbs
abdomen
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
the right lymphatic duct is smaller and shorter than the
thoracic duct
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
right lymphatic duct opens into
right subclavian vein
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
functions of the lymphatic system
fluid balance
fat absorption
defense
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
fluid passes from the _______ of capillaries into the _______ and back to the _______
interstitial spaces
lymph system
blood
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
when fluid balance isn’t working this results
edema
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
long-term edema results in
tissue damage
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
the lymphatic system absorbs fat from the
GI tract
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
where is fat absorbed
lacteals
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
where are lacteals located
lining of the GI tract
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
fat passes through the _______ and enters the _______
lacteals
venous system
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
when fat and lymph mix it is called
chyle
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
how does lymphatic system defend body
lymph filters microorganisms & foreign bodies
wbcs kill invading microbes
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
lymph organs are comprised of
lymphatic tissue
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
lymphatic tissue is made of
lymphocytes
macrophages
dendrites cells
reticular cells
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
where do lymphocytes originate
red bone marrow
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
where is diffuse lymphatic tissue found
deep mucous membranes
lymph nodes
spleen
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ are dense arrangements of lymph tissue organized into compact structures
lymph nodes
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
where are lymph nodes found
loose connective tissue of the:
GI tract
urinary system
respiratory system
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ are large aggregations of lymph nodes found in the distal 1/2 of the small intestine and the appendix
Peyer’s patches
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ are large groups of lymph nodules and diffuse lymph tissue deep in the mucous membranes of the oral cavity and nasopharynx.
tonsils
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
what is function of tonsils
protection against bacteria and other harmful materials
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
how many groups of tonsils
3
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
what are groups of tonsils
palatine
pharyngeal
lingual
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
where are palatine tonsils (what we know as “tonsils”) located
either side of throat
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
where are the pharyngeal tonsils located
near junction of nasal cavity and pharynx
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
another name for pharyngeal tonsils
adenoids
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
where are lingual tonsils located
posterior surface of tongue
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
what is found inside lymph nodes
lymphocytes
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
how many superficial collections of lymph nodes
3
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
what are the lymph node collections
Inguinal
Axillary
Cervical
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
groups of nodes are also found where
around intestines
along large blood vessels of thorax and abdomen
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
lymph nodes are surrounded by a
capsule
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
what is lymph node capsule made of
dense connective tissue
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
what is skeleton of lymph node
trabecular
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
what else in body filters lymph
nothing
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
what are vessels of lymph nodes
afferent
efferent
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
what are lymph nodes lined with
phagocytic cells
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
what do phagocytic cells do
remove bacteria from lymph
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
primary cells of lymph nodes
lymphocytes
macrophages
reticular cells
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ in the lymph can stimulate cell division of the lymphocytes
microbes
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
areas of rapid lymphocyte division are called
germinal centers
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ is located on the left superior posterior region of the abdominal cavity
spleen
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
spleen is surrounded by a _______ capsule
fibrous
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
spleen has an internal network of
reticular fibers
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
spleen has _______ surfaces
2
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
what are the surfaces of spleen
diaphragmatic
visceral
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
the _______ surface of spleen is smooth and convex, conforming to the shape of the diaphragm and the body wall
diaphragmatic
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
the _______ surface of the spleen contains indentations of the shape of the stomach and kidney
visceral
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
how many types of lymph in spleen
2
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
what are types of lymph in spleen
red pulp
white pulp
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
red pulp is associated with
red blood cells
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
white pulp is associated with
lymphocytes
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
blood vessels and lymph vessels in spleen communicate with the spleen on the _______ surface
visceral
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
where do the splenic vessels communicate
hilus
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ is the groove marking the border between the gastric and renal areas
hilus
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
what is attached to the hilus
splenic vein
splenic artery
lymphatic vessels
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
function of spleen
detect and respond to foreign substances in blood
destroy old RBCs
serve as blood resevoir
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
blood enters spleen and passes through
white pulp
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
what happens in white pulp in spleen
lymphocytes can be stimulated in response to microbes
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
as blood leaves spleen it passes through
red pulp
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
what happens in red pulp in spleen
macrophages can be activated to clean up the blood
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ is a triangular double lobed gland
thymus
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
where is thymus located
superior mediastinum behind the manubrium of the sternum
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
when is the thymus the largest
1-2 yrs old
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
what happens to thymus as we age
shrinks
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
thymus is surrounded by
thin capsule
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
what extends off the capsule surrounding the thymus
trabeculae
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
what is concentrated near the capsule of the thymus
lymphocytes
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
where in the thymus are there no lymphocytes
medulla
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
what is contained in the medulla of the thymus
Hassall’s corpuscles
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
what is the function of Hassall’s corpuscles
unknown
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
what is immunity
ability to resist damage from a foreign substance
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ is the immunity you are born with
innate
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
innate immunity is the _______ immunity
natural
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ is the natural resistance to foreign substances entering the orgnaism
mechanical immunity
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
what is our first line of defense
skin and mucous membranes
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ are molecules that are involved in the development of immunity
chemical mediators
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______, _______, and _______ are found on the surface of the skin and kill microorganisms and prevent them from entering the body.
lysozymes
sebum
mucus
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______, _______, and _______ promote inflammation, by causing vasodilation, attracting lymphocytes to the involved region of the body
histamine
prostaglandins
leukotriens
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
another word for tumor
neoplasm
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
when a neoplasm or tumor invades a lymph node
lymphoma
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
2 types of lymphoma
hodkins
non-hodkins
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
lymphomas start as _______ that is often adhered to the surrounding soft tissue
hard non-tender nodule
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ is a group of proteins that make up part of the globulin portion of the serum
compliment system
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
group of proteins in compliment system are
C1-C9
factors B, D and P
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
compliment system proteins activate in the
compliment cascade
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ is a series of reactions that activates the enxt reaction down the line
compliment cascade
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
how do proteins enter the compliment cascade
classical route
alternative pathway
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ is part of the innate immunity and is activated when the protein C3 becomes active
alternative pathway
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
when does protein C3 become active
encounters foreign substance
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ is part of the adaptive immune system
classical pathway
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ are proteins that protect the body from viral pathogens and some forms of cancer
interferons
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
interferons are _______ immunity
innate
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
interferons bind to
neighboring cells
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
interferons stimulate the production of
antiviral proteins
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
interferons activate _______ and _______ that attack the tumor
macrophages
natural killer cells
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
what are most important cells of immune system
leukocytes and cells derived from them
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
where are leukocytes produced
bone marrow
lymphatic tissue
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
leukocytes must be activated by
chemotatic factors
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ are small parts of the microbes released by tissue cells
chemotatic factors
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
some chemotactic factors are
leukotriens
kinins
histamine
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ is the movement of the leukocytes as they follow chemical trail
chemotaxis
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ is the ameboid movement of leukocytes across cell membrane
diapedesis
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ is the process of destruction of cell particles
phagocytosis
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
what can be phagocytosized
microorganisms
foreign substances
dead cells
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
what are the most important phagocytes
neutrophils
macrophages
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ are small phagocytic cells
neutrophils
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
where are neutrophils produced
red bone marrow
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
how long do neutrophils circulate in blood
few hours
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
what are first cells to enter infected tissue
neutrophils
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
when do neutrophils die
after first phagocytic event occurs
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
what do neutrophils release
lysosomal enzymes
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ kill the microbes as well as damage the tissue around it
lysosomal enzymes
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ is the accumulation of dead microbes in the wound or infected tissue
pus
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ are monocytes and are large phagocytic cells
macrophages
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
macrophages produce chemicals such as
interferon
prostoglandins
compliments
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ are derived from the red marrow, are motile cells that leave the blood and enter infected tissues
basophils
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
non-motile cells from red bone marrow
mast cells
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
basophils and mast cells release
histamine
leukotriens
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
what do histamine and leukotriens cause
inflmmatory response
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ are produced in red bone marrow and enter the blood. Once in the blood they enter tissues rapidly.
eosinophils
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ release enzymes that break down the chemicals that were released by the basophils and mast cells
eosinophils
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ are lymphocytes that are produced in red bone marrow.
Natural killer cells (NK)
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
NK cells identify _______ or _______ infected cells
tumor
virus
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
what do NK cells release
lysomomal enzymes
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ is a result of multiple chemical reactions that occur as a result of an invading pathogen
inflammatory response
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
chemicals released in the inflammatory response cause:
vasodilation
chemotactic
increased vascular permeability
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
vasodilation in the inflammatory response
brings more immune cells to the involved site
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ is the attraction of phagocytes to the involved tissue
chemotactic
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
increased vascular permeability to _______ which is converted to _______ to the wall of the infected site to prevent spread of infection
fibrinogen
fibrin
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
inflammatory response is either
local
systemic
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
symptoms of local inflammation
redness heat swelling pain sometimes loss of function
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
in a systemic infectin _______ are released causing a fever
pyrogens
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ are molecules that are produced by the body in stimulate an immune response
self-antigens
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
immune response to self-antigens may
help/harm
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
adaptive immunity has 2 types
humoral
cell mediated
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ is the process of injecting plasma from an immune subject into a non-immune subject to stimulate immunity
humoral
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ is the transfer of blood cells from an immune host to a non-immune subject and promoting immunity
cell mediated
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
immunity results from the actions of _______and _______ (lymphocytes)
B cells
T cells
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ are responsible for cell mediated immunity. they directly attack antigens
cytotoxic t cells
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ stimulate the response of B an T cells, they activate the B cells.
helper T cells
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ are the cells destroyed by the AIDS virus
helper T cells
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ moderate the immune response. They inhibit the T and B cell activation
suppressor T cells
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
all blood cells are derived from
embryonic stem cells
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
stem cells give rise to
pre T cells
pre B cells
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
pre t cells travel to _______ and mature into T cells
thymus
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
pre b cells mature in
red bone marrow
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
lymphocytes are activated when they encounter
antigen
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
what happens to lymphocyte after it encounters antigen
divides
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ are specific regions on an antigen that will cause activation of lymphocytes
antigenic determinants
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
region on antigen that reacts with lymphocyte is called
epitopes
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
immune response is initiated once
eptiopes and lymphocyte react
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
most lymphocyte activation involves _______ on the surface of the cells
glycoproteins
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
glycoproteins in lymphocyte activation are called
major histocompatability molecules (MHC)
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
how many classes of MHC
2
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
what are classes of MHC
MHC class I MHC class II
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ is found on the surface of nucleated cells and they will display antigens athat are produced inside the cell
MHC class I
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
example of MHC class I
viral infection
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ is found on the antigen presenting cells, they include the B cells, macrophages, monocytes, and dendritic cells.
MHC class II
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
in the skin the dendritic cells are called
Langerhans cells
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ is the additional signal to the immune system to activate lymphocytes
costimulation
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
what activates costimulation
cytokines
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
what is cytokines
protein or peptide
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ are cytokines that are produced by the lymphocytes
lymphokines
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
lymphocyte proliferation beings with an increase in
helper T cells
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
increased T cells cause an increase in
B cells
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ is a state of unresponsiveness of lymphocytes to a specific antigen
tolerance
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
tolerance happens 3 ways
deletion of elf activated lymphocytes
preventing activation of lymphocytes
activation of suppressor T cells
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
preventing activation of lymphocytes can be done by blocking the _______ and/or blocking _______.
MCH complex
costimulation
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ occurs against extracellular antigens such as bacteria and viruses when they are outside the cells
antibody mediated immunity
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
antibody mediated immunity can cause
hypersensitivity reactions
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ are proteins that are produced in response to an antigen
antibodies
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
large amounts of antibodies are found in the
blood plasma
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
antibodies are separated into groups in the plasma:
albumen
alpha gloulin
beta globulin
gamma globulin
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
antibodies are sometimes called
gamma globulins or immunoglobulins
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
5 types of immunoglobulins
IgG IgM IgA IgE IgD
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ is responsible for immune function in the developing embryo. Able to cross the placenta
IgG
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ is the first to respond to an antigen (antibody)
IgM
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ is secreated in teh saliva, tears, and mucous membranes. Also found in breast milk and passed to the newborn
IgA
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ is involved in the inflammatory response
IgE
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ functions as antigen binding receptors on B cells
IgD
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
antibodies either directly affect the antigen by _______ or combine with an _______ on two different antigens
binding with the antigenic determinant
antigenic determinant
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
after antibodies have combined with antigen. the antigens are more susceptible to
phagocytosis
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ are substances that make an antigen more vulnerable to phagocytosis {more tasty}
opsonin
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
an opsonin can be a
antibody
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
primary response of antibody production occurs
after antigen has been exposed to antibody.
B cell is exposed to antigen, cell division, then antibody production
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
secondary or memory response occurs when
immune system is exposed again to antigen
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
immunity happens when you have a
secondary/memory response
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ is a function of T cells and is effective against intracellular organisms
cell mediated immunity
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
delayed hypersensitivity are part of
allergic reactions
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ treats disease by altering immune system function or directly attacking harmful cells.
immunotherapy
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
example of immunotherapy
vaccinations
MCH mechanism blockers (interferon)
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
Types of Immunity
acquired active natural active artifical passive natural passive artifical
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ immunity occurs after exposure to antigen
acquired
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ immunity is the everday exposure to antigens. Not deliberate.
active natural
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ immunity is the introduction of an antigen into the body to create antibodies
active artificial
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ immunity is the passage of antibodies from mother to child. IgG and IgA
passive natural
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ immunity is taking blood from immune subject and injecting into non-immune subject. Short lived response.
passive artifical
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ is a systemic IgE reaction that can be life threatening
anaphylaxis
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
histamine causes (anaphylaxis)
systemic vasodilation
drop in BP
cardiac failure
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
less sever anaphylaxis causes
hay fever
asthma
hives
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
_______ are due to failure of some part of the immune system to function normally
immunodeficiencies
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
some causes of immunodeficiencies
low protein in diet stress mono leukemia myeloma
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
AIDS is caused by
HIV
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
2 strands of HIV
HIV1
HIV2
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
which strain causes AIDS
HIV1
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
when AIDS discovered
1981 in USA
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
how HIV spread
body fluids
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
infection of HIV occurs when the viral protein _______ binds to the surface of a _______
gp 120
T helper cell (CD4)
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
AIDS drug
azidothymidine (AZT)
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
what does AZT do
inhibit the conversion of RNA to DNA inside infected cell
