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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 23 - Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

all living cells of the body require _______

A

oxygen

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2
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

functions of resp system

A

provide oxygen for cells
remove carbon dioxide from blood
regulate pH of body fluids

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3
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

act of respiration involves

A
  1. ventilation
  2. gas exchange
  3. transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
  4. gas exchange between blood and tissues
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4
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

structures of the resp system

A 
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs
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5
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

upper resp tract is

A

nasal cavity

pharynx

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6
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

lower resp tract is

A

larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs

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7
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

the nasal cavity is located inside the _______ and joins the _______

A

external nose

pharynx

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8
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

_______ divides the nasal cavity into right/left halves

A

nasal septum

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9
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

the anterior part of the septum is

A

cartiliage

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10
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

posterior aspect of septum is made up of _______ and the _______ of the _______ bone

A

vomer
perpendicular plate
ethmoid

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11
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

nares

A

nostril openings

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12
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

the nares are lined with

A

stratified epithelium

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13
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

floor of the nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the

A

hard palate

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14
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

functions of the nasal cavity

A

passageway for air when mouth is closed
cleans air
humidifies and warms the air

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15
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

what cleans air in nasal cavity

A

mucous traps the debris

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16
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

what secretes nasal mucous

A

goblet cells

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17
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

where are nasal goblet cells located

A

pseudostratififed ciliated columnar epithelium of the conchae

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18
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

what contains the olfactory epithelium

A

nasal cavity

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19
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

where are paranasal sinuses located

A

nasal cavity

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20
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

function of paranasal sinuses

A

resonate sound

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21
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

_______ is a common opening in upper resp track

A

pharynx

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22
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

what shares the opening of the pharynx

A

gi tract

respiratory system

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23
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

how many regions of pharynx

A

3

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24
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

what are regions of pharynx

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

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25
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

_______ is the superior part of the pharynx and extends from the internal nares to the level of the uvula

A

nasopharynx

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26
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

what prevents food from entering the nasopharynx upon swallowing

A

soft palate

uvula

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27
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

_______ extends from the uvula to the epiglottis

A

oropharynx

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28
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

_______ is posterior to the layrnx and extends from the tip of the epiglottis to the esophagus

A

laryngopharynx

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29
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

larynx has a casing of _______ that are connected

A

9 cartilage rings

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30
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

larynx’s cartilage rings are connected to each other by

A

muscles and ligaments

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31
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

how many pairs in the larynx cartilage rings

A

6 are paired

3 unpaired

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32
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

largest larynx ring is _______ and is unpaired

A

thyroid cartilage

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33
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

other name for thyroid cartilage

A

adam’s apple

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34
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

most inferior of larynx cartilage rings is the

A

cricoid cartilage (unpaired)

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35
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

3rd unpaired larynx ring is the

A

epiglottis

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36
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

what is epiglottis attached to

A

thyroid cartilage

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37
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

function of epiglottis

A

when you swallow it covers the opening of the larynx and prevents food from entering it

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38
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

vocal chords are

A

pair of ligaments

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39
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

where do vocal chord extend off from

A

arytenoid cartilage to the posterior surface of the thyroid cartilage

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40
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

opening between vocal chords

A

glottis

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41
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

function of larynx

A

open air way
prevent food from entering larynx
produce sound for speech

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42
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

the _______ and _______ cartilages maintain open air way in the larynx

A

thyroid

cricoid

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43
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

the _______ prevents food from entering the larynx

A

epiglottis

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44
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

the _______ produce sound for speech

A

vocal cords

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45
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

the trachea is often referred to as the

A

wind pipe

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46
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

trachea is reinforced with _______ of cartilage

A

15-20 C shaped rings

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47
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

posterior part of the trachea contains

A

no cartilage

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48
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

what is posterior part of the trachea made up of

A

trachealis muscle

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49
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

blocked airway requires an emergency _______ performed

A

cricothyrotomy

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50
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

where is incision made in cricothyrotomy

A

incision made between thyroid and cricoid cartilages

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51
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

diameter of trachea

A

12 mm

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52
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

length of trachea

A

10-12 cm

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53
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

trachea descends to level of

A

T-5

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54
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

trachea divides to form _______

A

two primary bronchi

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55
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

where does trachea divide to from primary bronchi

A

carina

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56
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

what shape is the bronchial

A

tree

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57
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

what does the bronchial tree encompass

A

trachea to small tubes deep in lung tissue

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58
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

how many zones in bronchial tree

A

2

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59
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

what are zones in bronchial tree

A

conducting

respiratory

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60
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

the right and left primary bronchi travel to

A

lungs

61
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

the right primary bronchus is _______ than the left

A

shorter
wider in diameter
directed more vertical

62
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

primary bronchi divides into _______ bronchi

A

secondary or lobar

63
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

how many secondary bronchi does left lung have

A

2

64
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

how many secondary bronchi does right lung have

A

3

65
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

the lobar divides into the _______ bronchi

A

tertiary or segmental

66
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

segmental bronchi divide into

A

terminal broncioles

67
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

bronchial branch division

A

primary –} secondary/lobar –} tertiary/segmental –} terminal bronchioles

68
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

what are in the conducting zone of bronchial tree

A

primary thru bronchioles

69
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

_______ extends from the terminal bronchioles to the alveoli

A

respiratory zone

70
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

_______ are the small air filled chambers in the lung

A

alveoli

71
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

what occurs at the alveoli

A

gas exchange between air and blood

72
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

what are principle organs of resp system

A

lungs

73
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

based off what criteria would lungs be the largest organ in body

A

volume

74
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

what do the lungs rest on at their base

A

diaphragm

75
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

right lung is _______ left lung

A

larger

76
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

right lung has

A

3 lobes

77
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

left lung has

A

2 lobes

78
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

the thoracic wall consists of

A

thoracic vertebrae
ribs
sternum
costal cartilages

79
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

muscles of inspiration

A

diaphragm
internal intercostal muscles
abdominal muscles

80
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

what stimulates disphragm

A

phrenic nerve

81
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

muscles of expiration

A

external intercostal muslces
pectoralis minor
scalene muscle

82
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

pleura is

A

lining of pleural cavity

83
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

what does lung recoil do

A

causes the alveoli to collaspe

84
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

what causes lung recoil

A

elastic recoil of the elastic tissue of the alveoli walls

85
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

_______ occurs at the boundary between water and air

A

surface tension

86
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

surface tension occurs due to the formation of _______ on teh surface of the _______ which causes the alveoli to collapse

A

droplet of water

alveoli

87
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

_______ is a lipoprotein secreted by the alveolar cells

A

surfactant

88
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

what do surfactants do

A

form a layer over the alveoli to reuce the surface tension

89
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

what is given to pregnant mother’s to help with resp functions in premature babies

A

cortisol injections

90
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

_______ is the process of moving air into and out of the lungs

A

ventilation

91
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

during inspiration the air movement is the result of

A

difference in barometric pressure outside the lungs and in the alveoli

92
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

_______ occurs due to the change of pressure in the lungs relative to the outside

A

expiration

93
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

during expiration the pressure in the _______ is greater than atmospheric air

A

alveoli

94
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

_______ is the pressure that is in the pleural cavity

A

pleural pressure

95
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

when the pressure in the pleural cavity is less than the alveoli the lungs will

A

expand

96
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

when the pleural pressure equals the alveolar pressure due to an injury that penetrates teh pleural cavity, the lung will

A

collapse

97
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

collapse lung is called

A

pneumonthorax

98
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

_______ is the measure of the ease at which the lungs and thorax expand

A

compliance

99
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

the greater the compliance, the easier to cause _______ of the lungs

A

expansion

100
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

causes of decreased compliance

A 
deposits 
collapse of alveoli
pulmonary edema
air way obstruction
kyphosis
scoliosis
101
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

deposits of _______ in lung tissue decrease compliance

A

inelastic fibers

102
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

what is kyphosis

A

roundback

103
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

_______ is the measure of the volume of air that moves in and ot of the lungs

A

spirometry

104
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

spirometry measures:

A

tidal volume
inspiratory reserve volume
expiratory reserve volume
residual volume

105
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

_______ is the total volume of air that is inspired and exspired

A

tidal volume

106
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

_______ is the amount of air that can be forcibly taken in after normal inspiration

A

inspiratory reserve volume

107
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

_______ is the amount of air that can be expelled forcibly after normal expiration

A

expiratory reserve volume

108
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

_______ is the air volume left in the lungs after the most forceful expiration

A

residual volume

109
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

_______ is the total amount of air moved in and out of the resp system each minute

A

minute ventilation

110
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

what is tidal volume x resp rate

A

minute ventilation

111
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

_______ is teh number of breaths taken per minute

A

resp rate

112
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

what is average resp rate

A

16 per minute

113
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

does resp rate measure the amount of air that is exchanged in the alveolus

A

no

114
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

_______ is the part of the resp system where gas exchange does not occur

A

anatomic dead space

115
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

what forms the anatomic dead space

A 
nasal cavity
phayrnx
larynx
trachea
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
116
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

factors that impact the rate of gas diffusion across the resp membrane are:

A 
thickness of membrane
diffusion coefficient of gas
surface area of the membrane
differences of the partial pressure of the gas 
transport of oxygen and co2 in blood
117
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

what is the diffusion coefficient of gas

A

measurement of how easily a gas diffuses through a tissue or liquid

118
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

what is a normal membrane surface area

A

70m2

119
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

once oxygen is diffused into the blood, the oxygen is bound to

A

hemoglobin

120
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

hemoglobin carries oxygenated blood from the _______ to the _______ where the oxygen is released

A

pulmonary capillaries

tissue capillaries

121
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

oxygen diffuses from the tissue capillaries to the _______ and from there to the _______ to be used in _______

A

interstitial fluid
cells of the body
aerobic metabolism

122
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

_______ is continually being produced as a byprouct of cellular respiration

A

carbon dioxide

123
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

as ph of blood reduces this reduces

A

oxygen bound to hemoglobin

124
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

what causes ph of blood to reduce

A

increase in H+ ions

125
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

_______ is when H+ can combine with the hemoglobin changing its structure and reducing the ability of oxygen to bind to it

A

Bohr Effect

126
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

an increase in _______ will also reduce the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin

A

CO2

127
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

increase in CO2 is increase in

A

H+ ions

128
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

and increase in _______ will affect amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin

A

body temp

129
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

carbon dioxide is transported 3 ways

A

dissolved in plasma
combined with blood proteins
form of bicarbonate ions

130
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

what % of CO2 transport is by plasma

A

7%

131
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

what % of CO2 transport is by blood proteins

A

23%

132
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

what % of CO2 transport is by bicarbonate ions

A

70%

133
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

where on hemoglobin does CO2 bind

A

globin

134
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

_______ is the propensity of hemoglobin to bind with co2 after it has released its O2

A

Haldane effect

135
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

where is the rhythm of ventilation controlled

A

neurons of the medulla

136
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

what determines the rate of resp

A

frequency of resp muscle stimulation

137
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

the medullary resp center has 4 groups

A

2 dorsal

2 ventral

138
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

the 2 dorsal resp groups active during

A

inspiration

139
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

2 dorsal resp groups stimulate

A

contraction of diaphragm

140
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

2 ventral resp groups active during

A

inspiration and expiration

141
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

2 ventral resp groups stimulate

A

intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles

142
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

_______ is when information from the body relating to levels of blood gasses, muscel activity, and body temp all stimulate the medulla

A

starting inspiration

143
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

_______ is when input to the medullary centers reach threshhold

A

stopping inspiration

144
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

does medulla centers only control ventilation

A

no

145
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

_______ can consciously or unconsciously +/- resp

A

cerebral cortex

146
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

emotions via the _______ can impact ventilation

A

limbic

147
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

_______ is greater than normal levels of CO2

A

hypercapnia

148
Q

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

_______ will stimulate increased resp

A

hypoxia

Anatomy & Physiology (30 decks)

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