Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization Notes Flashcards
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
Chemistry is
the science that looks at the structure of matter.
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
Matter is
anything that takes up space and has mass
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
Atoms:
are the smallest stable units of matter
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
What determines the structure of a given object or being
the way atoms combine and interact
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
Atoms are composed of _____ that determine the structure of an object
subatomic particles
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
proton
a unit of energy that carries a positive charge
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
neutron
are particles that have no electrical charge
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
electrons
are particles that have a negative charge
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
mass
the mass of an atom is determined by the amount of protons and neutrons that are present in the nucleus
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
atomic number
is the number of protons in an atom
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Atoms normally contain _________ protons and electrons
equal numbers
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
Elements
name given to specific group of atoms
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How many elements exist naturally
92
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
how many elements created in labs
25
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
Trace elements
elements found in body in very small amounts
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
isotopes
elements whose atoms nuclei contain the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
mass number
is the total number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus used to designate particular isotopes
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
radioisotopes
isotopes with nuclei that spontaneously emit subatomic particles with radiation in measurable amounts.
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
Decay
the emission process from radioisotopes
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half life
the time required for half of any radioactive isotope to decay
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
atom weight
the actual mass of an atom
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
How is atomic weight calculated
by the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of the atom.
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
how is atomic weight expresed
Dalton aka atomic mass unit or amu
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
mole
the atomic weight of an element represented in the unit of grams.
one mole of any element equals the same amount
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the number that is the constant regarding moles is
Avogardo’s number
It is 6.023 x 10(23) or 600 billion trillion
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
the rings (of electrons) that are the closest to the nucleus
are weaker charged particles, as you go further out the charge becomes greater
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
the outer ring or shell gives the element its
properties
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
if the outer ring has room for more electrons it is considered
unstable and likely to interact with other elements that have available space for electrons
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
inert elements
are those that have all the outer shell full of electrons and therefore cannot interact with other elements.
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
elements with available space are
reactive
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
elements _______ electrons to achieve a stable state
share
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
chemical bonding
sharing of electrons
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how many types of chemical bonds
3
ionic, covalent, and hydrogen
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molecule
any chemical structure that is held together by a covalent bond
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compound
any chemical structure that contains two or more elements
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cations
positive charged atoms
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
anions
negatively charged particles
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
ionic bonds
chemical bond between cations and anions
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ions have _______ of protons and electrons
unequal number
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
ionic bonds are formed by
the losing or gaining of an electron between two atoms
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
covalent bond
occurs when two or more atoms share eletrons to form compounds
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how many typs of covalent bonds
2
polar and non polar
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
non polar covalent bonds are
stable
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
hydrogen bonds
weak bonds
attraction betwenn the + hydrogen on one atom and the - charge on oxygen or nitrogen with polar covalent bonds
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
matter exists in how many states
3
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
what are the states of matter
gas,solid, liquid
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
molecular weight
sum of the weights of all the component atoms in the molecule
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
kinetic energy
the energy of motion or energy that is doing work
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
potential energy
energy that has the potential to do work or “stored” energy
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
heat
is an increase in random molecular motion
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three types of energy reacions
decomposition
synthesis
exchange reaction
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
decomposition
break does a molecule into smaller fragments
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
catabolism
decomposition of cells when covalent bonds are involved
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covalent bonds are a form of what energy
potential
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
synthesis
reaction that assembles larger molecules from smaller components.
Synthesis always involves the formation of new bonds
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
anabolism
the synthesis of new compounds. catabolic reactions provide the energy needed for anabolic reactions to occur
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
exchange reaction
shuffling around of parts of the molecules to form a new compound
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
reversible reaction
is the converting back and forth of products and formed compounds. equilibrium
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
enzymes
are coumounds that promote chemical reactions within the cells
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
nutrients
essential elements an molecules normally obtained from the diet
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
metabolites
molecules that are synthesized or broken down in the body
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
what is most important compound in our body
water
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properties of water
solubility
reactivity
high heat capacity
lubrication
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hydrophobic
water fearing
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
hydrophilic
water loving
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
hydrophilic compounds usually have
polar covalent bonds
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
solute concentration
is the amount of substance present in a specific volume of solvent
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
ph
the concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution
classified as neutral, acidic, or basci
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salt is
electrolyte whose cation is not hydrogen and its anion is not hydroxide
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
organic compounds
are compounds that contain carbon
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
what are the building blocks of life
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
organic compounds in body:
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
what is a major source of energy in the body
carbohydrates
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
what are the forms of carbs in body
monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccarides
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what are simple sugars
monosaccharides
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what is the most important sugar for the body
glucose
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
what is an example of polysaccharieds the long chain carbohydrate
starch
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what is a polysaccharide from plants that the human body cannot break down
cellulose
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
lipids are
fats, waxes, and oils
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
lipids serve as
reserve source of energy
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
fat acids are long chain carbons with hydrogen atoms attached. One end always has a _____ group. The other end is call the _______
carboxyl
hydrocarbon tail
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
In water the carboxyl end will associate with ________. And the hydrocarbon tail is _________
water
hydrophobic
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
classes of lipids
eicosanoids glycerides steroids phospholipids clycolipids
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
what is the most abundant organic compound in the body
protein
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
what do all proteins contain
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
what do proteins do
support of cell and tissues in the body
regulatroy effect on ph of cells/tissues
metabolic regulation
coordinatoin and control
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
proteins are made of long chains of
amino acids
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
contractcile proteins
muscle contractions
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transport proteins
carry substances in teh blood, or from cell to cell
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
protein hormones
influence the metabolic activity of cells
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
proteins provide defense in the form
antibodies and protective coverings
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
typical protein contains
1000 amino acids
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
there are how many common amino acids
20
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
two amino acids can be linked together by
peptide bond
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
substrates
are the reactants that are involved in enzymatic reactions
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all enzymes share 3 characteristics
catalyzes one type of reaction, saturation limits, regulation
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
saturation limits
the amount of substrate required to have the maximum rate of reaction
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
regulation
the ability of the enzyme to be turned on or off
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
coenzymes are
non protein organic molecules that function as cofactors
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
nucleic acids
are large organic molecules that are made of carbon, hydron, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
nucleic acids store
info within the cell
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
two kinds of nucleic acids
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
DNA is
the genetic material of our bodies and it determines our makeup
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
RNA functions is
the building of specific proteins
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
3 types of RNA
messenger mRNA
transfer tTNA
ribosomal rRNA
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
RNA and DNA have how many strands
single
double
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
the amino acids bonds in DNA (base pairs)
adenine - thymine
cytosine - guanine
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization
Adenosinetriphosphate (ATP) is
the high energy compaund for cells. ATP drives cellular functions.
