Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure Notes Flashcards
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
the skeletal system includes
bones of the skeleton
cartilages
ligaments
other connective tissues
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
function of the skeletal system
structural support
storage of minerals and lipids
blood cell production
protection and leverage
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
categories of bones (shapes)
long short irregular flat sesamoid sutural (wormian)
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
a typical long bone has
diaphysis epiphyses metaphyses articular cartilages marrow cavity
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
diaphysis
the shaft of the bone
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
epiphyses
head of the bone, this is where the growth plate is found
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
metaphysys
referred to as the neck of the bone
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
articular cartialage
the region of the bone that articulates with another bone forming a joint
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
marrow cavity
center cavity of the bone and is composed of soft marrow
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
where does blood cell production occur
marrow cavity
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
what are the two types f bone
compact (dense)
spongy (cancellous)
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
the marrow cavity and spaces within spongy bone contain two types of _________
bone marrow
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
two types of bone marrow
yellow (lipid storage)
red (blood cell formation)
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
________ is a supporting connective tissue with a solid matrix
osseous tissue
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
the ________ is very dense and contains deposits of calcium salts
bone matrix
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
the bone matrix consists of
largely of crystals of hydroxyapatite (formed when calcium phosophate interacts with calcium hydroxide)
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
______ are mature bone cells that account for most of the cell population
osteocytes
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
each osteocyte occupies a
lacuna
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
lacuna
a pocket sandwiched between layers of matrix
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
layers of matrix are called
lamellae
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
function of osteocytes
maintain and monitor the protein and mineral content of the surrounding matrix
also can participate in the repair of damaged bone
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
osteoblasts synthesize the bony matrix in a process called
osteogenesis
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
bone contains small numbers of mesenchymal cells called
osteoprogenitor cells
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
osteoprogenitor cells function
divide to produce daughter cells that differentiate into osteoblasts
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
________ giant cells with 50 or more nuclei
osteoclasts
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
osteoclasts dissolve the bony matrix through
osteolysis or resorption
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
osteoclasts are always _______ matrix and osteoblasts are always _________
removing
adding it
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
basic functional unit of compact bone
osteon
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
the osteon contains
osteocytes
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
the osteocytes are arranged around a
central canal
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
______ are layers of calcified matrix
lamellae
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
_______ within and between lamellae interconnect the
canaliculi
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
spongy bone contains
trabeculae (struts and plates) in an open network
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
_______ is located where stresses come from a limited range of directions
compact bone
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
______ is located where stresses are few or come from many directions
spongy bone
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
a bone is covered by a
periosteum
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
a bone is lined with
endosteum
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
the _______ has a fibrous outer layer and a cellular layer
periosteum
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
function of periosteum
isolates the bone from surrounding tissues
provides a route for circulatory and nervous supply
actively participates in bone growth and repair
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
what does the endosteum contain
incomplete cellular layer line
marrow cavity
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
what does the endosteum cover
the trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the inner surfaces of the central canals
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
function of endosteum
bone growth, repair, and remodeling
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
what is the process of convertnig other tissue to bone
ossification
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
what is process of depositing calcium salts within a tissue
calcification
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
what begins when osteoblasts differentiate with connective tissue
intramembranous ossification
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
intramembranous ossification can form
spongy or compact bone
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
intramembranous ossificaiton begins at
ossification center
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
________ begins by forming a cartilage model that is gradually replaced by bone at the metaphysis.
endochondral ossification
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
endochondral ossification ______ bone
lengthens
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
bone diameter increases by
appositional growth
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
_____ major sets of blood vessels provide an extensive supply of blood to bone
three
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
the organic and mineral compenents of bone are continously receylced and renewed through
remodeling
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
normal osteogensis requires a reliable source of
minerals, vitamins, and hormones
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
_____ and ______ stimulate bone growth
growth hormone
thyroxine
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
the _______ is the body’s largest source of calcium as a reserve
skeleton
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
what is most common mineral in body
calcium
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
what percentage of calcium is located in skeleton
99%
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
interactions among the _______, ________, and _____ affect the calcium ion concentration
bones
intestinal tract
kidneys
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
two hormones, ____ and ______ regulate calcium ion homeostasis
calcitonin parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
function of PTH
increases calcium concentration in the blood
activated osteoclasts in bone
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
what secretes PTH
parathyroid gland
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
what leads to a decline in calcium concentration in the blood
calcitonin
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
calcitonin shuts off _____ in the bone
osteoclasts
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
fracture
crack or break in a bone
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
the repair of a fracture involves the formation of a
fracture hematoma
external callus
internal callus
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
fractures are classified according to their
external appearance
location
nature of the the crack/break in bone
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
completely internal fracture
closed or simple
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
fracture projects through the skin and are more dangerous than closed fractures due to the possibility of uncontrolled bleeding
open or compound
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
fracture that occurs at the ankle and affects both bones of the leg
Pott’s
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
fracture that shatters the affected area into a multitude of bony fragments
comminuted fracture
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
fractures that break a shaft bone across its long axis
transverse
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
fracture produced by twisting stresses that spread along the length of the bone
spiral
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
fractures that produce new and abnormal bone arrangements; nondisplaced fractures retain the normal alignment of the bone or fragments
displaced
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
fracture that is a break in the distal portion of the radius, is typically the result of reaching out to break a fall
Colle’s
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
fracture where one side of the shaft is broken and the other is bent. Generally occurs in children
greenstick
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
fractures (like on femur) tend to occur where the bone matrix is undergoing calcification and chondrocytes are dying
epiphyseal
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
what type of fracture can permanently stop growth at the site if not treated correctly
fractures between epiphysis and epiphyseal cartilage
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
fracture that occurs in vertebrae subjected to extreme features
compression
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
each bone has features in
externally and internally
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
process
any projection or bump
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
ramus
extension of a bone marking an angle to the rest of the structure
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
trochanter
large rough projection
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
tuberosity
smaller rough projection
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
tubercle
small rounded projection
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
crest
prominent ridge
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
line
low ridge
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
spine
pointed process
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
head
expanded articular end of an epiphysis, separated from the shaft by the neck
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
neck
narrow connection between the epiphysis and the diaphysis
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
condyle
smooth rounded articular process
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
trochlea
smooth grooved articular process shaped like a pulley
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
facet
small flat articular surface
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
fossa
shallow depression
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
sulcus
narrow groove
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
foramen
rounded passageway for blood vessels and/or nerves
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
canal
large diameter passageway through the substance of a bone
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
fissure
elongated cleft
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
sinus or antrum
chamber within a bone, normally filled with air
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
condition with low growth hormone levels, reduces the activity at the bones growth plates. it results in abnormally short bones
pituitary swarfism
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
condition casued by an over production of GH before puberty, results in larger than normal bone sieze
gigantism
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
condition where an over production of GH after the growth plates close. It results in teh formation of bones with a greater density. The bones do not grow larger in size, just in density
Acromegaly
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
Condition caused by increased cartilage production at the growth plates. This causes the person to be very tall and skinny in appearance.
Marfan’s Syndrome
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
reduction in bone mass
osteopnia
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
the continued reduction of bone mass to the point that it interferes with the normal function of the bone.
osteoporosis
Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
the pathological reduction in bone mass
osetoporosis
