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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure Notes > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

the skeletal system includes

A

bones of the skeleton
cartilages
ligaments
other connective tissues

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2
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

function of the skeletal system

A

structural support
storage of minerals and lipids
blood cell production
protection and leverage

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3
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

categories of bones (shapes)

A 
long
short
irregular
flat
sesamoid
sutural (wormian)
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4
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

a typical long bone has

A 
diaphysis
epiphyses
metaphyses
articular cartilages
marrow cavity
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5
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

diaphysis

A

the shaft of the bone

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6
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

epiphyses

A

head of the bone, this is where the growth plate is found

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7
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

metaphysys

A

referred to as the neck of the bone

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8
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

articular cartialage

A

the region of the bone that articulates with another bone forming a joint

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9
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

marrow cavity

A

center cavity of the bone and is composed of soft marrow

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10
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

where does blood cell production occur

A

marrow cavity

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11
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

what are the two types f bone

A

compact (dense)

spongy (cancellous)

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12
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

the marrow cavity and spaces within spongy bone contain two types of _________

A

bone marrow

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13
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

two types of bone marrow

A

yellow (lipid storage)

red (blood cell formation)

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14
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

________ is a supporting connective tissue with a solid matrix

A

osseous tissue

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15
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

the ________ is very dense and contains deposits of calcium salts

A

bone matrix

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16
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

the bone matrix consists of

A

largely of crystals of hydroxyapatite (formed when calcium phosophate interacts with calcium hydroxide)

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17
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

______ are mature bone cells that account for most of the cell population

A

osteocytes

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18
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

each osteocyte occupies a

A

lacuna

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19
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

lacuna

A

a pocket sandwiched between layers of matrix

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20
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

layers of matrix are called

A

lamellae

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21
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

function of osteocytes

A

maintain and monitor the protein and mineral content of the surrounding matrix

also can participate in the repair of damaged bone

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22
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

osteoblasts synthesize the bony matrix in a process called

A

osteogenesis

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23
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

bone contains small numbers of mesenchymal cells called

A

osteoprogenitor cells

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24
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

osteoprogenitor cells function

A

divide to produce daughter cells that differentiate into osteoblasts

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25
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

________ giant cells with 50 or more nuclei

A

osteoclasts

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26
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

osteoclasts dissolve the bony matrix through

A

osteolysis or resorption

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27
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

osteoclasts are always _______ matrix and osteoblasts are always _________

A

removing

adding it

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28
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

basic functional unit of compact bone

A

osteon

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29
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

the osteon contains

A

osteocytes

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30
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

the osteocytes are arranged around a

A

central canal

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31
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

______ are layers of calcified matrix

A

lamellae

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32
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

_______ within and between lamellae interconnect the

A

canaliculi

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33
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

spongy bone contains

A

trabeculae (struts and plates) in an open network

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34
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

_______ is located where stresses come from a limited range of directions

A

compact bone

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35
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

______ is located where stresses are few or come from many directions

A

spongy bone

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36
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

a bone is covered by a

A

periosteum

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37
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

a bone is lined with

A

endosteum

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38
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

the _______ has a fibrous outer layer and a cellular layer

A

periosteum

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39
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

function of periosteum

A

isolates the bone from surrounding tissues
provides a route for circulatory and nervous supply
actively participates in bone growth and repair

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40
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

what does the endosteum contain

A

incomplete cellular layer line

marrow cavity

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41
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

what does the endosteum cover

A

the trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the inner surfaces of the central canals

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42
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

function of endosteum

A

bone growth, repair, and remodeling

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43
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

what is the process of convertnig other tissue to bone

A

ossification

44
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

what is process of depositing calcium salts within a tissue

A

calcification

45
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

what begins when osteoblasts differentiate with connective tissue

A

intramembranous ossification

46
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

intramembranous ossification can form

A

spongy or compact bone

47
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

intramembranous ossificaiton begins at

A

ossification center

48
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

________ begins by forming a cartilage model that is gradually replaced by bone at the metaphysis.

A

endochondral ossification

49
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

endochondral ossification ______ bone

A

lengthens

50
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

bone diameter increases by

A

appositional growth

51
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

_____ major sets of blood vessels provide an extensive supply of blood to bone

A

three

52
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

the organic and mineral compenents of bone are continously receylced and renewed through

A

remodeling

53
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

normal osteogensis requires a reliable source of

A

minerals, vitamins, and hormones

54
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

_____ and ______ stimulate bone growth

A

growth hormone

thyroxine

55
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

the _______ is the body’s largest source of calcium as a reserve

A

skeleton

56
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

what is most common mineral in body

A

calcium

57
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

what percentage of calcium is located in skeleton

A

99%

58
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

interactions among the _______, ________, and _____ affect the calcium ion concentration

A

bones
intestinal tract
kidneys

59
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

two hormones, ____ and ______ regulate calcium ion homeostasis

A 
calcitonin
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
60
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

function of PTH

A

increases calcium concentration in the blood

activated osteoclasts in bone

61
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

what secretes PTH

A

parathyroid gland

62
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

what leads to a decline in calcium concentration in the blood

A

calcitonin

63
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

calcitonin shuts off _____ in the bone

A

osteoclasts

64
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

fracture

A

crack or break in a bone

65
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

the repair of a fracture involves the formation of a

A

fracture hematoma
external callus
internal callus

66
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

fractures are classified according to their

A

external appearance
location
nature of the the crack/break in bone

67
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

completely internal fracture

A

closed or simple

68
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

fracture projects through the skin and are more dangerous than closed fractures due to the possibility of uncontrolled bleeding

A

open or compound

69
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

fracture that occurs at the ankle and affects both bones of the leg

A

Pott’s

70
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

fracture that shatters the affected area into a multitude of bony fragments

A

comminuted fracture

71
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

fractures that break a shaft bone across its long axis

A

transverse

72
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

fracture produced by twisting stresses that spread along the length of the bone

A

spiral

73
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

fractures that produce new and abnormal bone arrangements; nondisplaced fractures retain the normal alignment of the bone or fragments

A

displaced

74
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

fracture that is a break in the distal portion of the radius, is typically the result of reaching out to break a fall

A

Colle’s

75
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

fracture where one side of the shaft is broken and the other is bent. Generally occurs in children

A

greenstick

76
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

fractures (like on femur) tend to occur where the bone matrix is undergoing calcification and chondrocytes are dying

A

epiphyseal

77
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

what type of fracture can permanently stop growth at the site if not treated correctly

A

fractures between epiphysis and epiphyseal cartilage

78
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

fracture that occurs in vertebrae subjected to extreme features

A

compression

79
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

each bone has features in

A

externally and internally

80
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

process

A

any projection or bump

81
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

ramus

A

extension of a bone marking an angle to the rest of the structure

82
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

trochanter

A

large rough projection

83
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

tuberosity

A

smaller rough projection

84
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

tubercle

A

small rounded projection

85
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

crest

A

prominent ridge

86
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

line

A

low ridge

87
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

spine

A

pointed process

88
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

head

A

expanded articular end of an epiphysis, separated from the shaft by the neck

89
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

neck

A

narrow connection between the epiphysis and the diaphysis

90
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

condyle

A

smooth rounded articular process

91
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

trochlea

A

smooth grooved articular process shaped like a pulley

92
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

facet

A

small flat articular surface

93
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

fossa

A

shallow depression

94
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

sulcus

A

narrow groove

95
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

foramen

A

rounded passageway for blood vessels and/or nerves

96
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

canal

A

large diameter passageway through the substance of a bone

97
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

fissure

A

elongated cleft

98
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

sinus or antrum

A

chamber within a bone, normally filled with air

99
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

condition with low growth hormone levels, reduces the activity at the bones growth plates. it results in abnormally short bones

A

pituitary swarfism

100
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

condition casued by an over production of GH before puberty, results in larger than normal bone sieze

A

gigantism

101
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

condition where an over production of GH after the growth plates close. It results in teh formation of bones with a greater density. The bones do not grow larger in size, just in density

A

Acromegaly

102
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

Condition caused by increased cartilage production at the growth plates. This causes the person to be very tall and skinny in appearance.

A

Marfan’s Syndrome

103
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

reduction in bone mass

A

osteopnia

104
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

the continued reduction of bone mass to the point that it interferes with the normal function of the bone.

A

osteoporosis

105
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

the pathological reduction in bone mass

A

osetoporosis

Anatomy & Physiology (30 decks)

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