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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 14 - The Brain > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - The Brain Flashcards

2
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

The Human brain contains approx X% of the body’s neurla tissue

A

98%

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3
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

Typical brain weighs

A

1.4 kg or 3 lbs (male brain is on average 10% larger than female brains)

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4
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

List of the major regions of the brain

A

FORMAT CEREBRUM, CEREBELLUM, DIENCEPHALON, BRAIN STEM

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5
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

What is the cerebrum

A

FORMAT The largest region of the brain. It is divided into left/right paired hemispheres

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6
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

What is the cerebrum responsible for

A

FORMAT Concious thought, sensations, intellect, memeory, complex movements

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7
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

What is the cerebellum

A

FORMAT The second largest strucutre in the brain. Also divided into 2 paired hemispheres.

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8
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

What is the function of the cerebellum

A

Control and coordinate movement and balance

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9
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

What does the diencephalon contain

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

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10
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

What is the thalamus

A

relay center of the brain. All sensory info from the body will go through the thalamus. Once in the thalamus it will be center to the appropriate higher centers in the cerebrum

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11
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

What is the hypothalamus

A

Involved with emothions and autonomic functions.

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12
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

What part of the hypothalmus connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus, giving nervous control to the pituitary gland

A

Infundibulum

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13
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

What does the diencephalon link

A

Cerebrum and brain stem

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14
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

What part of the brain processes auditory and visual information

A

mesencephalon (mid brain)

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15
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

What connects the brain stem to the cerebellum

A

Pons. It has nuclei for visceral and somatic motor control

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16
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

What connects the spinal cord to the brain

A

Medulla oblongata

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17
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

What does the medulla oblongata do?

A

relays info to the thalamus and regulates autonomic functoins such as breathing, heart rate, digestion, and blood pressure

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18
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

how does the CNS begin in development?

A

hollow neural tube

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19
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

which end of the hollow neural tube does the 3 enlargements form (which go on to create the 3 divisions of the brain)

A

cephalic end

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20
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

what are the primary brain vesicles

A

Prosencephalon. Mesencephalon. Rhombencephalon.

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21
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

What does the prosencephalon form in brain development?

A

forms the telencephalon (becomes the cerebrum) and the diencephalon (becomes the adult diencephalon)

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22
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

What does the mesencephalon form in brain development?

A

the adult mesencephalon (mid brain)

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23
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

What does the rhombencephalon form in brain development?

A

forms the metencephalon (becomes the cerebellum and pons) and myelecephalon (becomes the medulla)

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24
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

How many ventricles are there during brain development?

A

Four. Formed in different regions of the brain.

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25
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

What do the ventricles do?

A

Circulate CSF through the brain.

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26
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

What is the function of the CSF

A

cusion neural tissue, support the brain, and transport nutrients, waste products and chemical messengers

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27
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

How is CSF formed?

A

by a network of ependymal cells. The cells secrete CSF into the ventricles of the brain, remove wast products, and adjust the compositioin of the CSF over time.

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28
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

What is the name of the ependymal cells that create CSF?

A

choroids plexus

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29
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

What is the reate of CSF production daily?

A

500 ml/day

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30
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

What is the body’s volume of CSF?

A

150 ml. It is replaced every 8 hours.

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31
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

Where is the CSF circulated?

A

from the choroids through the ventricles, and the central canal of the spinal cord. Also circulated through the subarachnoid space

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32
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

What is hydrocephalus

A

Condition of the brain that is caused by disrupted flow of CSF through the brain. May cause a large head in newborns.

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33
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

The meninges of the cranium are an extension of the meninges of the _____________.

A

Spinal cord. There are a few differences.

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34
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

What are the differences between cranium and spinal meninges

A
  1. Outer layer of dura mater is fused to the inner skull. 2. The arachnoid in the cranium consists of a thin membrane that covers the brain. 3. The pia mater is attached tot eh surface of the brain tissue, following the contours of the brain.
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35
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

Is there a space in the dura mater in the brain?

A

No. the fusoin of the dura mater eliminates the epidural space that is present in the spinal cord.

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36
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

What attcheds the pia mater to the brain surface?

A

Astrocytes

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37
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

What are dural folds

A

are folds of the inner layer of the dura mater that forms a sheet like projections into the cranium.

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38
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

What is the function of the dural folds

A

supporting and stabilization of the brain

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39
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

what are the 3 large dural folds in the brain

A
  1. Falx cerebri 2. Tentorum cerebelli 3. Falx cerebelli
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40
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

where is the Falx Cerebri located

A

projects between the cerebral hemispheres, within the longitudinal fissure. It attaches to the crista galli on the ethmoid bone and the internal occipital crest

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41
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

Where is the Tentorum Cerebelli located

A

Covers the cerebellum between the cerebral hemisphers

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42
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

Where is the Falx Cerebelli located

A

Divides the cerebellar hemispheres

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43
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

Where does blood enter the brain?

A

via the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries

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44
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

Where does blood leave the brain

A

via the internal jugular veins

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45
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

What is a stroke that occurs when there is a lack of blood supply to the region of the brain.

A

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA). Causes neuronal death in minutes. Neurons in the CNS do not regenerate; damage is permanent

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46
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

what is an epidural hemorrhage

A

caused by head trauma that results in bleeding, with the blood entering the space between the dura mater and the cranium. Will cause death if not treated quickly

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47
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

What is a subdural hemorrhage

A

bleeding into the meninges, under the dura mater. This can occur in the subarachnoid space

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48
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

what is the blood brain barrier

A

a layer of neural tissue that separates the brain from the outside circulation.

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49
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

What is the endothelial lining (blood brain barrier)

A

consists of tight junctions, and oly allows certain materials into the brain’s circulation. Only lipid soluble compounds such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, amnonia, steroids, glucose, and prostaglandins are able to pass the barrier

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50
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

what covers the hemisphers of the cerebrum

A

neural cortex

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51
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

The surfaces of the cortex haave ridges or elevated folds called

A

gyri

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52
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

the space between each gyri is called

A

sulci

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53
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

What is the function of the gyri

A

increase the surface area of the cortex. This allows more neurons to be present, thus increasing the capacity of the neuronal circuits in the brain.

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54
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

what separates the two cerebral hemispheres?

A

longitudinal fissure

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55
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

the two cerebral hemispheres are connected where

A

deep in the brain by the Corpus Callosum

56
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

what is the corpus callosum

A

thick band of white matter.

57
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

The brain is further divided by

A

named sulci (shallow depressions)

58
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

How many classifications of axons in the cerebrum?

A

4 Associaiton Fibers, Commissural Fibers, Projection Fibers, and Arcuate Fibers

59
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

What is the function of the association fibers (axons)

A

connect motor and sensory areas of the brain

60
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

what is the function of the commissural fibers (axons)

A

interconnect and provide communication between the two cerebral hemispheres (including the corpus callosum and the anterior comissure)

61
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

what is the function of the projection fibers (axons)

A

link the cortex to the diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum, and the spinal cord.

62
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

What is the internal capsule

A

the area where all fibers pass through the diencephalon; here there will be sensory fibers as well as motor fibers

63
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

what is the function of the arcuate fibers (axons)

A

communicate with the individual gyri

64
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

what separates the motor and sensory cortex

A

central sulcus

65
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

What is the border of the primary motor cortex

A

The precentral gyrus.

66
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

Where is the precentral gyrus found

A

Frontal lobe

67
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

What does the motor cortex do

A

Controls and directs voluntary somatic motor neurons in the brainstorm and spinal cord.

68
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

What are the cortical cells called

A

Pyramidal cells

69
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

What is the border for the primary sensory cortex

A

Postcentral gyrus

70
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

Where is the postcentral gyrus found

A

Parietal lobe

71
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

What does the primary sensory cortex receive

A

Somatic info from receptors for touch, pressure, pain, vibration, taste, and temperature.

72
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

Where do somatic info from receptors first must pass through before being relayed to specific regions of the sensory cortex

A

Thalamus

73
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

Where is the visual cortex located

A

Occipital lobe

74
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

Where are the auditory and olfactory cortices located?

A

Temporal lobes

75
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

What are associated areas

A

Connect the sensory and motor areas of the brain. They monitor and interpret data that arrives at the sensory cortex

76
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

What area monitors activity in the primary sensory cortex?

A

Somatic sensory association area

77
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

The visual association area monitors what

A

Patterns of activity in the visual cortex and interprets the results

78
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

What area is responsible for word recognition

A

Auditory association

79
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

Learned movements are coordinated in what area?

A

Somatic motor association area

80
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

This area receives info from all sensory association areas. The analytical center is located on 1 hemisphere only, usually the left. Damage here will result in the inability to interpret what is seen and head

A

General interpretive area (Wernike’s area or Gnostic area)

81
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

What is aphasia

A

Inability to speak or read

82
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

The inability to speak, read, or understand speech of other is

A

Global aphasia

83
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

What affects the comprehension and use of words

A

Dyslexia

84
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

Where is the Broca’s area (or motor speech center) located

A

Usually on the left hemisphere along the edge of the promotor cortex

85
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

What region regulates and coordinates patterns of breathing and activities of respiratory muscles needed for speech formation?

A

Broca’s area or motor speech center

86
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

Where is the prefrontal cortex found

A

Frontal lobe

87
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

What does the prefrontal cortex do?

A

Coordinates info relayed from the association areas of the entire cortex. Performs abstract intellectual functions such as predicting consequences of events or actions.

88
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

Mapped out areas of the brain according to their function are called

A

Brodmann’s areas

89
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

How many Brodmann’s areas are named

A

47 name patterns

90
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

Each hemisphere is responsible for functions ________________ of the opposite hemisphere

A

Independent

91
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

Which hemisphere is responsible for language- based skills like reading, writing, and speaking. Also important functions such as analytical skills and math problems.

A

Left

92
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

Which hemisphere analyzes sensory information and relates the body to the sensory environment. Centers in this hemisphere permit you to identiy objects, familiar faces, and understand 3-D relationships

A

Right

93
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

What are nuclei

A

Masses of gray matter in each hemisphere.

94
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

What are nuclei responsible for?

A

Processing sensory info and issuing motor commands that are at the subconscious level. They are involved in subconscious control of skeletal muscle tone and the coordination of learned motor patterns.

95
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

What is responsible for functions related to emotional states, linking unconscious and autonomic functions of the brain stem and cortex.

A

Limbic system

96
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

What is functions in memory storage and retrieval

A

Limbic system

97
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

What is the waking center of the brain

A

Reticular formation. Part of the limbic system.

98
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

What does he diencephalon contain?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.

99
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

What is the function of the diencephalon

A

Integrate conscious and unconscious sensory info as well as motor commands.

100
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

How many cranial nerves originate in the diencephalon

A

11 of 12

101
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

Where is the pineal gland located

A

Posterior part of the epithalamus

102
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

What does the pineal gland secrete

A

Melatonin.

103
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

The pineal gland is part of what system?

A

Endocrine

104
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

What is melatonin for

A

Regulation of the sleep/wake cycle of the body

105
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

Where is the final stop for all sensory info from the body before reaching the cortex

A

Thalamus.

106
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

What connects to the pituary gland giving the endocrine system a direct connection to the NS

A

Infundibulum of the hypothalamus

107
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

What are the functions of the hypothalamus

A

Subconscious control of skeletal muscles contraction. Control of autonomic function. Coordination of activities of the NS and endocrine system. Secretion of hormones. Production of hormonesProduction of behaviors and emotions Coordination between voluntary and autonomic functions Regulation of body tempsControl of circadian rhythms

108
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

what is the mid brain

A

mesencephalon

109
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

what does teh mesencephalon contain

A

superior colliculusinferioro colliculusred cucleussubstantia nigra

110
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

what does the superior colliculus receive?

A

visual info

111
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

what does teh inferior colliculus receive?

A

auditory info

112
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

what does the substantia nigra do

A

releases dopamine

113
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

what is the function of dopamine

A

inhibit activity in the cerebral nuclei

114
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

what happens with less dopamine

A

increase in the overall tone in the skeletal muscles

115
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

what region of the brain is involved with Parkinsons disease

A

mesencephalon

116
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

what is the result of damage to the cerebellum

A

ataxia - a disturbance in balance and gait

117
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

what does the pons do

A

links the cerebellar hemispheres with the mesencephalon, diencephalon, cerebrum, and spinal cord

118
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

what does the pons contain

A

nuclei of four cranial nerves V, VI, VII, VIIIalso contains nuclei involved with respiration

119
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

the medulla is continuous with ________

A

spinal cord

120
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

what does the medulla connect

A

spinal cord and brain

121
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

what does the medulla contain

A

nuclei that function in controlling visceral activities. It also contains the nuclei of cranial nerves VIII, IX, X, XI, XII

122
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

how many cranial nerves are there

A

12 referred to in roman numerals

123
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

the olfactory nerve does what

A

carries sensation for the sense of smellCN I

124
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

the optic nerve does what

A

functions in visionCN II

125
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

the occulomotor nerve does what

A

is the motor to the muscles of the eyeCN III

126
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

the trochlear nerve does what

A

motor to the superior oblique muscleCN IV

127
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

the trigeminal nerve does what

A

sensory and motor to the face. motor to mastificationCN V

128
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

facial nerve does what

A

motor to muscle of facial expression and taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue (sweet, salty, sour).CN VI

129
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

what is bell’s pasley

A

condition of the facial nerve, caused by a virus that causes inflammation of the nerve resulting in one-sided facial paralysisCN VII

130
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

the vestibulocochlear nerve does what

A

balance from the inner ear and hearingCN VIII

131
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

the glossopharyngeal nerve does what

A

taste to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue (bitter), pharynx, palate. swallowingCN IX

132
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

the vagus nerve does what

A

longest cranial nervemany functions including: visceral sensory info (autonomic) from esophagus, respiratory tract, abdominal viscera, parasympathetic response to heart, stomach, intestines, and gall bladderCN X

133
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

the spinal accessory nerve does what

A

motor to muscle of the neck and shoulder, and motor to the vocal cordsCN XI

134
Q

Chapter 14 - The Brain

the hypoglossal nerve does what

A

motor to the muscles of the tongueCN XII

Anatomy & Physiology (30 decks)

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