Chapter 14 - The Brain Flashcards
Chapter 14 - The Brain
The Human brain contains approx X% of the body’s neurla tissue
98%
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Typical brain weighs
1.4 kg or 3 lbs (male brain is on average 10% larger than female brains)
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List of the major regions of the brain
FORMAT CEREBRUM, CEREBELLUM, DIENCEPHALON, BRAIN STEM
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What is the cerebrum
FORMAT The largest region of the brain. It is divided into left/right paired hemispheres
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What is the cerebrum responsible for
FORMAT Concious thought, sensations, intellect, memeory, complex movements
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What is the cerebellum
FORMAT The second largest strucutre in the brain. Also divided into 2 paired hemispheres.
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What is the function of the cerebellum
Control and coordinate movement and balance
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What does the diencephalon contain
Thalamus and hypothalamus
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What is the thalamus
relay center of the brain. All sensory info from the body will go through the thalamus. Once in the thalamus it will be center to the appropriate higher centers in the cerebrum
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What is the hypothalamus
Involved with emothions and autonomic functions.
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What part of the hypothalmus connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus, giving nervous control to the pituitary gland
Infundibulum
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What does the diencephalon link
Cerebrum and brain stem
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What part of the brain processes auditory and visual information
mesencephalon (mid brain)
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What connects the brain stem to the cerebellum
Pons. It has nuclei for visceral and somatic motor control
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What connects the spinal cord to the brain
Medulla oblongata
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What does the medulla oblongata do?
relays info to the thalamus and regulates autonomic functoins such as breathing, heart rate, digestion, and blood pressure
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how does the CNS begin in development?
hollow neural tube
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which end of the hollow neural tube does the 3 enlargements form (which go on to create the 3 divisions of the brain)
cephalic end
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what are the primary brain vesicles
Prosencephalon. Mesencephalon. Rhombencephalon.
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What does the prosencephalon form in brain development?
forms the telencephalon (becomes the cerebrum) and the diencephalon (becomes the adult diencephalon)
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What does the mesencephalon form in brain development?
the adult mesencephalon (mid brain)
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What does the rhombencephalon form in brain development?
forms the metencephalon (becomes the cerebellum and pons) and myelecephalon (becomes the medulla)
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How many ventricles are there during brain development?
Four. Formed in different regions of the brain.
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What do the ventricles do?
Circulate CSF through the brain.
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What is the function of the CSF
cusion neural tissue, support the brain, and transport nutrients, waste products and chemical messengers
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How is CSF formed?
by a network of ependymal cells. The cells secrete CSF into the ventricles of the brain, remove wast products, and adjust the compositioin of the CSF over time.
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What is the name of the ependymal cells that create CSF?
choroids plexus
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What is the reate of CSF production daily?
500 ml/day
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What is the body’s volume of CSF?
150 ml. It is replaced every 8 hours.
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Where is the CSF circulated?
from the choroids through the ventricles, and the central canal of the spinal cord. Also circulated through the subarachnoid space
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What is hydrocephalus
Condition of the brain that is caused by disrupted flow of CSF through the brain. May cause a large head in newborns.
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The meninges of the cranium are an extension of the meninges of the _____________.
Spinal cord. There are a few differences.
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What are the differences between cranium and spinal meninges
- Outer layer of dura mater is fused to the inner skull. 2. The arachnoid in the cranium consists of a thin membrane that covers the brain. 3. The pia mater is attached tot eh surface of the brain tissue, following the contours of the brain.
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Is there a space in the dura mater in the brain?
No. the fusoin of the dura mater eliminates the epidural space that is present in the spinal cord.
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What attcheds the pia mater to the brain surface?
Astrocytes
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What are dural folds
are folds of the inner layer of the dura mater that forms a sheet like projections into the cranium.
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What is the function of the dural folds
supporting and stabilization of the brain
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what are the 3 large dural folds in the brain
- Falx cerebri 2. Tentorum cerebelli 3. Falx cerebelli
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where is the Falx Cerebri located
projects between the cerebral hemispheres, within the longitudinal fissure. It attaches to the crista galli on the ethmoid bone and the internal occipital crest
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Where is the Tentorum Cerebelli located
Covers the cerebellum between the cerebral hemisphers
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Where is the Falx Cerebelli located
Divides the cerebellar hemispheres
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Where does blood enter the brain?
via the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries
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Where does blood leave the brain
via the internal jugular veins
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What is a stroke that occurs when there is a lack of blood supply to the region of the brain.
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA). Causes neuronal death in minutes. Neurons in the CNS do not regenerate; damage is permanent
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what is an epidural hemorrhage
caused by head trauma that results in bleeding, with the blood entering the space between the dura mater and the cranium. Will cause death if not treated quickly
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What is a subdural hemorrhage
bleeding into the meninges, under the dura mater. This can occur in the subarachnoid space
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what is the blood brain barrier
a layer of neural tissue that separates the brain from the outside circulation.
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What is the endothelial lining (blood brain barrier)
consists of tight junctions, and oly allows certain materials into the brain’s circulation. Only lipid soluble compounds such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, amnonia, steroids, glucose, and prostaglandins are able to pass the barrier
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what covers the hemisphers of the cerebrum
neural cortex
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The surfaces of the cortex haave ridges or elevated folds called
gyri
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the space between each gyri is called
sulci
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What is the function of the gyri
increase the surface area of the cortex. This allows more neurons to be present, thus increasing the capacity of the neuronal circuits in the brain.
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what separates the two cerebral hemispheres?
longitudinal fissure
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the two cerebral hemispheres are connected where
deep in the brain by the Corpus Callosum
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what is the corpus callosum
thick band of white matter.
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The brain is further divided by
named sulci (shallow depressions)
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How many classifications of axons in the cerebrum?
4 Associaiton Fibers, Commissural Fibers, Projection Fibers, and Arcuate Fibers
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What is the function of the association fibers (axons)
connect motor and sensory areas of the brain
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what is the function of the commissural fibers (axons)
interconnect and provide communication between the two cerebral hemispheres (including the corpus callosum and the anterior comissure)
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what is the function of the projection fibers (axons)
link the cortex to the diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum, and the spinal cord.
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What is the internal capsule
the area where all fibers pass through the diencephalon; here there will be sensory fibers as well as motor fibers
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what is the function of the arcuate fibers (axons)
communicate with the individual gyri
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what separates the motor and sensory cortex
central sulcus
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What is the border of the primary motor cortex
The precentral gyrus.
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Where is the precentral gyrus found
Frontal lobe
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What does the motor cortex do
Controls and directs voluntary somatic motor neurons in the brainstorm and spinal cord.
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What are the cortical cells called
Pyramidal cells
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What is the border for the primary sensory cortex
Postcentral gyrus
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Where is the postcentral gyrus found
Parietal lobe
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What does the primary sensory cortex receive
Somatic info from receptors for touch, pressure, pain, vibration, taste, and temperature.
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Where do somatic info from receptors first must pass through before being relayed to specific regions of the sensory cortex
Thalamus
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Where is the visual cortex located
Occipital lobe
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Where are the auditory and olfactory cortices located?
Temporal lobes
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What are associated areas
Connect the sensory and motor areas of the brain. They monitor and interpret data that arrives at the sensory cortex
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What area monitors activity in the primary sensory cortex?
Somatic sensory association area
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The visual association area monitors what
Patterns of activity in the visual cortex and interprets the results
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What area is responsible for word recognition
Auditory association
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Learned movements are coordinated in what area?
Somatic motor association area
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This area receives info from all sensory association areas. The analytical center is located on 1 hemisphere only, usually the left. Damage here will result in the inability to interpret what is seen and head
General interpretive area (Wernike’s area or Gnostic area)
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What is aphasia
Inability to speak or read
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The inability to speak, read, or understand speech of other is
Global aphasia
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What affects the comprehension and use of words
Dyslexia
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Where is the Broca’s area (or motor speech center) located
Usually on the left hemisphere along the edge of the promotor cortex
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What region regulates and coordinates patterns of breathing and activities of respiratory muscles needed for speech formation?
Broca’s area or motor speech center
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Where is the prefrontal cortex found
Frontal lobe
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What does the prefrontal cortex do?
Coordinates info relayed from the association areas of the entire cortex. Performs abstract intellectual functions such as predicting consequences of events or actions.
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Mapped out areas of the brain according to their function are called
Brodmann’s areas
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How many Brodmann’s areas are named
47 name patterns
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Each hemisphere is responsible for functions ________________ of the opposite hemisphere
Independent
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Which hemisphere is responsible for language- based skills like reading, writing, and speaking. Also important functions such as analytical skills and math problems.
Left
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Which hemisphere analyzes sensory information and relates the body to the sensory environment. Centers in this hemisphere permit you to identiy objects, familiar faces, and understand 3-D relationships
Right
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What are nuclei
Masses of gray matter in each hemisphere.
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What are nuclei responsible for?
Processing sensory info and issuing motor commands that are at the subconscious level. They are involved in subconscious control of skeletal muscle tone and the coordination of learned motor patterns.
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What is responsible for functions related to emotional states, linking unconscious and autonomic functions of the brain stem and cortex.
Limbic system
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What is functions in memory storage and retrieval
Limbic system
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What is the waking center of the brain
Reticular formation. Part of the limbic system.
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What does he diencephalon contain?
Thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.
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What is the function of the diencephalon
Integrate conscious and unconscious sensory info as well as motor commands.
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How many cranial nerves originate in the diencephalon
11 of 12
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Where is the pineal gland located
Posterior part of the epithalamus
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What does the pineal gland secrete
Melatonin.
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The pineal gland is part of what system?
Endocrine
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What is melatonin for
Regulation of the sleep/wake cycle of the body
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Where is the final stop for all sensory info from the body before reaching the cortex
Thalamus.
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What connects to the pituary gland giving the endocrine system a direct connection to the NS
Infundibulum of the hypothalamus
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What are the functions of the hypothalamus
Subconscious control of skeletal muscles contraction. Control of autonomic function. Coordination of activities of the NS and endocrine system. Secretion of hormones. Production of hormonesProduction of behaviors and emotions Coordination between voluntary and autonomic functions Regulation of body tempsControl of circadian rhythms
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what is the mid brain
mesencephalon
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what does teh mesencephalon contain
superior colliculusinferioro colliculusred cucleussubstantia nigra
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what does the superior colliculus receive?
visual info
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what does teh inferior colliculus receive?
auditory info
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what does the substantia nigra do
releases dopamine
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what is the function of dopamine
inhibit activity in the cerebral nuclei
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what happens with less dopamine
increase in the overall tone in the skeletal muscles
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what region of the brain is involved with Parkinsons disease
mesencephalon
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what is the result of damage to the cerebellum
ataxia - a disturbance in balance and gait
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what does the pons do
links the cerebellar hemispheres with the mesencephalon, diencephalon, cerebrum, and spinal cord
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what does the pons contain
nuclei of four cranial nerves V, VI, VII, VIIIalso contains nuclei involved with respiration
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the medulla is continuous with ________
spinal cord
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what does the medulla connect
spinal cord and brain
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what does the medulla contain
nuclei that function in controlling visceral activities. It also contains the nuclei of cranial nerves VIII, IX, X, XI, XII
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how many cranial nerves are there
12 referred to in roman numerals
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the olfactory nerve does what
carries sensation for the sense of smellCN I
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the optic nerve does what
functions in visionCN II
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the occulomotor nerve does what
is the motor to the muscles of the eyeCN III
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the trochlear nerve does what
motor to the superior oblique muscleCN IV
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the trigeminal nerve does what
sensory and motor to the face. motor to mastificationCN V
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facial nerve does what
motor to muscle of facial expression and taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue (sweet, salty, sour).CN VI
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what is bell’s pasley
condition of the facial nerve, caused by a virus that causes inflammation of the nerve resulting in one-sided facial paralysisCN VII
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the vestibulocochlear nerve does what
balance from the inner ear and hearingCN VIII
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the glossopharyngeal nerve does what
taste to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue (bitter), pharynx, palate. swallowingCN IX
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the vagus nerve does what
longest cranial nervemany functions including: visceral sensory info (autonomic) from esophagus, respiratory tract, abdominal viscera, parasympathetic response to heart, stomach, intestines, and gall bladderCN X
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the spinal accessory nerve does what
motor to muscle of the neck and shoulder, and motor to the vocal cordsCN XI
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the hypoglossal nerve does what
motor to the muscles of the tongueCN XII
