Chapter 17 - Sensory Function Notes Flashcards
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
How we perceive and respond to our environment is determined by
our ability to sense our environment
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
for the body to perceive a sensation
the NS must have specialized structures to receive/transmit the info to the NS
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
Structures that receive/transmit info to NS
receptors
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
a sensory receptor will detect a stimulus and translate the info into a
action potential
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
after producing an action potential, the info is sent to the
CNS
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
Process by which a sensory receptor will detect a stimulus and translate the info into an action potential, and then send that to the CNS
transduction
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
sensory receptors are the interface between
NS and the internal/external environment of the body
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
What are the general senses
pain temperature touch pressure vibration proprioception
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
what are the special senses
olfaction vision gustation equilibrium hearing
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
the receptors for special senses are _______ than those of the general senses
more complex
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
where are the receptors for special senses located
sense organs
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
special sense receptors are _______ to specific sensations
specific/unique
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
when a stimulus is repeated in the NS a ________ in the sensitivity of a constant stimulus will occur
reduction
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
reduction of a stimulus
adaption
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
adaption reduces the _______ that reaches the CNS
amount of info
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
where are general receptors found
all over the body
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
how many types of general receptors are there
4
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
what are the general receptors
nociceptors
thermoreceptors
mechanoreceptors
chemoreceptors
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
nociceptors
pain receptors
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
nociceptors respond to
tissue damange
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
what neurotransmitter is involved with transmission of pain
substance P
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
what tract is pain transmitted on
spinothalamic tract
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
what fibers is pain carried on
myelinated type A and type C
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
thermoreceptors
temperature receptors
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
where are thermoreceptors located
free nerve endings in the skin, skeletal muscles, and hypothalamus
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
there are _____ more cold receptors than hot receptors
4x
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
thermoreceptors travel on
spinothalamic pathway
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
mechanoreceptors
sensitive to stimuli that distort the cell memebrane of the receptor.
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
how many classes of mechanoreceptors
3
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
what are the classes of mechanoreceptors
tactile
baroreceptors
proprioceptros
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
tactile receptors respond to
touch
pressure
vibration
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
how many receptor types are tactile
6
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
what are the tactile receptors
free nerve endings root hair plexus tactile disks (merkel's discs) meissner's corpuscles lamellate (pacinian) corpuscles ruffini corpuscles
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
baroreceptors respond to
changes in blood pressure
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
where are baroreceptors found
wall of blood vessels
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
proprioceptors monitor
positions of joints and muscles
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
examples of proprioceptors
muscle spindles
golgi tendon organs
free nerve endings in the joint capsules
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
chemoreceptors are sensitive to changes
in chemical concentrations of the body
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
what is the most complex of the general senses
proprioceptors
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
olfaction is
sense of smell
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
where is smell perceived
nasal cavity
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
what organ perceives smell in the nasal cavity
paired olfactory organs
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
where are olfactory nerves located
small cilia on the surface of the nasal mucossa
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
the axons of the olfactory pathway travels
through the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone and reaches the olfactory bulbs of the cerebrum. Then to the olfactory cortex on the inferior region of the temporal lobe
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
Does the olfactory info pass through the thalamus prior to going to the cortex for processing?
no. it is the only sense info that doesn’t
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
gustation is
sense of taste
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
where are taste receptors found
surface of the tongue
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
which cranial nerves control taste
CN VII, IX, and X
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
CN VII monitors
anterior 2/3 of the tongue
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
CN VII perceives the tastes of
sweet
salty
sour
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
CN IX monitors
posterior 1/3 of the tongue
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
CN IX perceives the tastes of
bitter
“Bitter Back Nine”
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
CN X monitors
epiglottis
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
what are the accessory structures of the eye
eyelids palpebral fissure medial canthus lateral canthus eye lashes tarsal or meibomian glands lacrimal glands conjunctiva
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
eyelids act as
windshields to clear the surface of the eye and lubricate
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
tarsal//meibomian glands do what
secrete a lipid like substance that prevents eyelids from sticking together
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
where are lacrimal glands located
medial canthi of the eye
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
what do lacrimal glands produce
tears
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
what is the conjunctiva
epithelium that covers the inner surface of the lids and outer surface of the eye
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
the wall of the eye has
3 layers
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
what are the layers of the eye called
tunics
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
what are the 3 layers/tunics of the eye
fibrous
vascular
neural
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
fibrous tunic is the
outermost layer of the eye
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
what does the fibrous tunic contain
sclera and cornea
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
vascular tunic is the
middle layer of the eye
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
what does the vascular tunic contain
blood vessels and lymph vessels
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
what does the vascular tunc include
iris
pupil
ciliary body
choroid
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
what is a ciliary body
thick region of the eye where the iris attaches
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
what is choroid
vascular layer responsible for delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the retina
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
neural tunic is the
retina
innermost layer of the eye
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
what does photoreceptors do
detect light
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
where are photoreceptors located
outer layer
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
how many types of photoreceptors
2
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
what are the photoreceptors
cones and rods
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
rods:
detect light
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
cones:
detect color and light
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
what are responsible for photoreception
cones and rods
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
photoreception is:
the absorption of photons by the visual pigments in the eye.
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
what are the visual pigments
derivatives of the compound rhodopsin
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
what is rhodopsin composed of
protein called ospin and the compound retinal or retinene
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
what is retinal/retinene synthesized from
Vitamin A
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
which are more abundant in the eye - rods or cones
rods
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
what is the optic disc
origin of the optic nerve
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
are there photoreceptors in the optic disk
no
“blind spot”
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
the eye can be divided into _____ cavities and _____ chambers
2
2
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
where are the 2 chambers located in the eye
anterior cavity
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
what are the 2 chambers of eye called
anterior
posterior
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
where is the anterior chamber of the eye located
extends from cornea to the iris
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
where is the posterior chamber of the eye located
extends from the iris to the ciliary body and lens
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
the two chambers of the eye are filled with
a fluid called the aqueous humor
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
aqueous humor is similar to
CSF
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
function of the aqueous humor
circulate nutrients and waste products
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
the posterior cavity of the eye contains
vitreous boy or fluid
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
the vitreous fluid helps
give the eye support and stabilizes the shape of the eye
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
where is the lends located
behind the cornea of the eye
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
function of the lens
focus light on the photoreceptors of the eye
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
the lens refracts light on a
focal point on the retina
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
when the image is refracted onto the retina it is
upside down and backwards
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
when the image arrives at the cortex it is processed into the ______ orientation
correct
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
_______ or _______ is determined from a standard referenced index
clarity of vision/ visual acuity
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
normal acuity is
20/20
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
acuity below _____ is legally blind
20/200
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
_____ are responsible for color vision
cones
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
how many types of cones
3
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
what are the cones
red
blue
green
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
Photoreceptors of the eye pass visual info onto the
optic disc
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
visual info passes the optic disk and continue
down the optic nerve to the optic chiasm
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
When at the optic chiasm half the fibers _________ and the other half _________
cross over to the opposite side
continues on the same side
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
Once past the chiasm, the nuerons travel down
optic tract
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
the optic tract takes neurons where
latreal geniculate bodies
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
From the geniculate bodies, the visual info travels to the
occipital or vidual cortex to be processed
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
the inner ear is a specialized sensory organ with two functions
hearing
balance aka equilibrium
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
the ear is divided into ____ anatomical regions
3
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
what are the regions of the ear
external
middle
inner
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
the external ear consists of ________ visualized around the _______
cartilaginous structures
ear canal
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
the ______ which leads to the eardrum is part of the external ear
external auditory canal
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
eardrum=
tympanic membrane
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
middle ear is called
tympanic cavity
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
the middle ear is filled with
air
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
the middle ear is separated from the external canal by
tympanic membrane
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
the middle ear communicated with the
nasopharynx
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
how does the middle ear communicate with the nasopharynx
auditory tube (Eustaschian tube)
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
the middle ear contains 3 small auditory ossicles or bones
malleus (hammer)
incus (anvil)
stapes (stirrup)
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
vibration of the tympanic membrane causes the inner ear bones to
move and conduct sound to the inner ear
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
inner ear contains
receptors for hearing and balance
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
inner ear receptors are found
in membranous labyrinth
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
membranous labyrinth contains fluid called
endolymph
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
the bony labyrinth contains a fluid similar to CSF called
perilymph
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
the bony labyrinth is divided into 3 structures
vestibule
semicircular canals
cochlea
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
vestibule contains a pair of membranous sacs called
saccule
utricle
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
The receptors in the vestibule respond to changes in
gravity and linear acceleration
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
the semicircular canals respond to changes in
head rotation
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
the receptors in the cochlea provide
sense of hearing
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
hair cells located in _____ and _______ are connected to the vestibular ganglia
vestibule
semicircular ducts
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
the vestibular ganglia are connected to the
cortex
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
the vestibular ganglia provide
control of postural muscles (with regard to changes in position of the body)
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
the vestibular nuclei have 4 functions
integrating sensory info about balance with head movement
relaying vestibular info to the cerebellum
relaying vestibular info to the cortex for the conscious awareness of head position
motor input to the cranial nerves involved with eye, head, neck movements.
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
the _______ tracts send info to the cord to adjust peripheral muscle tone
vertibulospinal
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
hearing is perceived when the ________ of the inner ear bones stimulate the __________
vibrations
perilymph of the cochlea
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
_____ in the cochlea are stimulated and sound is recognized
tiny hair cells
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
the hair cells in the cochlea are located in a structure called the
organ of corti
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
Describe hearing process (6 steps)
Step 1
Sound waves arrive at the tympanic membrane
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
Describe hearing process (6 steps)
Step 2
movement of the membrane causes vibration of the audotory ossicles
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
Describe hearing process (6 steps)
Step 3
movement of the stapes on the oval window creates a pressure wave on the perilymph of the vestibular duct
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
Describe hearing process (6 steps)
Step 4
pressure wave distorts the basilar membrane
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
Describe hearing process (6 steps)
Step 5
vibration of the basilar membrane causes vibration of the hair cells against the tectoral membrane
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
Describe hearing process (6 steps)
Step 6
info regarding the intensity of the sound is relayed to the CNS via the cochlear branch of the CN VIII
