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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 17 - Sensory Function Notes > Flashcards

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

How we perceive and respond to our environment is determined by

A

our ability to sense our environment

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2
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

for the body to perceive a sensation

A

the NS must have specialized structures to receive/transmit the info to the NS

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3
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

Structures that receive/transmit info to NS

A

receptors

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4
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

a sensory receptor will detect a stimulus and translate the info into a

A

action potential

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5
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

after producing an action potential, the info is sent to the

A

CNS

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6
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

Process by which a sensory receptor will detect a stimulus and translate the info into an action potential, and then send that to the CNS

A

transduction

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7
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

sensory receptors are the interface between

A

NS and the internal/external environment of the body

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8
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

What are the general senses

A 
pain
temperature
touch
pressure
vibration
proprioception
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9
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

what are the special senses

A 
olfaction
vision
gustation
equilibrium
hearing
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10
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

the receptors for special senses are _______ than those of the general senses

A

more complex

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11
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

where are the receptors for special senses located

A

sense organs

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12
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

special sense receptors are _______ to specific sensations

A

specific/unique

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13
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

when a stimulus is repeated in the NS a ________ in the sensitivity of a constant stimulus will occur

A

reduction

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14
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

reduction of a stimulus

A

adaption

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15
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

adaption reduces the _______ that reaches the CNS

A

amount of info

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16
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

where are general receptors found

A

all over the body

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17
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

how many types of general receptors are there

A

4

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18
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

what are the general receptors

A

nociceptors
thermoreceptors
mechanoreceptors
chemoreceptors

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19
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

nociceptors

A

pain receptors

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20
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

nociceptors respond to

A

tissue damange

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21
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

what neurotransmitter is involved with transmission of pain

A

substance P

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22
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

what tract is pain transmitted on

A

spinothalamic tract

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23
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

what fibers is pain carried on

A

myelinated type A and type C

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24
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

thermoreceptors

A

temperature receptors

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25
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

where are thermoreceptors located

A

free nerve endings in the skin, skeletal muscles, and hypothalamus

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26
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

there are _____ more cold receptors than hot receptors

A

4x

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27
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

thermoreceptors travel on

A

spinothalamic pathway

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28
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

mechanoreceptors

A

sensitive to stimuli that distort the cell memebrane of the receptor.

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29
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

how many classes of mechanoreceptors

A

3

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30
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

what are the classes of mechanoreceptors

A

tactile
baroreceptors
proprioceptros

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31
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

tactile receptors respond to

A

touch
pressure
vibration

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32
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

how many receptor types are tactile

A

6

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33
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

what are the tactile receptors

A 
free nerve endings
root hair plexus
tactile disks (merkel's discs)
meissner's corpuscles
lamellate (pacinian) corpuscles
ruffini corpuscles
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34
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

baroreceptors respond to

A

changes in blood pressure

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35
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

where are baroreceptors found

A

wall of blood vessels

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36
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

proprioceptors monitor

A

positions of joints and muscles

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37
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

examples of proprioceptors

A

muscle spindles
golgi tendon organs
free nerve endings in the joint capsules

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38
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

chemoreceptors are sensitive to changes

A

in chemical concentrations of the body

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39
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

what is the most complex of the general senses

A

proprioceptors

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40
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

olfaction is

A

sense of smell

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41
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

where is smell perceived

A

nasal cavity

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42
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

what organ perceives smell in the nasal cavity

A

paired olfactory organs

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43
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

where are olfactory nerves located

A

small cilia on the surface of the nasal mucossa

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44
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

the axons of the olfactory pathway travels

A

through the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone and reaches the olfactory bulbs of the cerebrum. Then to the olfactory cortex on the inferior region of the temporal lobe

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45
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

Does the olfactory info pass through the thalamus prior to going to the cortex for processing?

A

no. it is the only sense info that doesn’t

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46
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

gustation is

A

sense of taste

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47
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

where are taste receptors found

A

surface of the tongue

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48
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

which cranial nerves control taste

A

CN VII, IX, and X

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49
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

CN VII monitors

A

anterior 2/3 of the tongue

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50
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

CN VII perceives the tastes of

A

sweet
salty
sour

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51
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

CN IX monitors

A

posterior 1/3 of the tongue

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52
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

CN IX perceives the tastes of

A

bitter

“Bitter Back Nine”

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53
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

CN X monitors

A

epiglottis

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54
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

what are the accessory structures of the eye

A 
eyelids
palpebral fissure
medial canthus
lateral canthus
eye lashes
tarsal or meibomian glands
lacrimal glands
conjunctiva
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55
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

eyelids act as

A

windshields to clear the surface of the eye and lubricate

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56
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

tarsal//meibomian glands do what

A

secrete a lipid like substance that prevents eyelids from sticking together

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57
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

where are lacrimal glands located

A

medial canthi of the eye

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58
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

what do lacrimal glands produce

A

tears

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59
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

what is the conjunctiva

A

epithelium that covers the inner surface of the lids and outer surface of the eye

60
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

the wall of the eye has

A

3 layers

61
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

what are the layers of the eye called

A

tunics

62
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

what are the 3 layers/tunics of the eye

A

fibrous
vascular
neural

63
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

fibrous tunic is the

A

outermost layer of the eye

64
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

what does the fibrous tunic contain

A

sclera and cornea

65
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

vascular tunic is the

A

middle layer of the eye

66
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

what does the vascular tunic contain

A

blood vessels and lymph vessels

67
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

what does the vascular tunc include

A

iris
pupil
ciliary body
choroid

68
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

what is a ciliary body

A

thick region of the eye where the iris attaches

69
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

what is choroid

A

vascular layer responsible for delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the retina

70
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

neural tunic is the

A

retina

innermost layer of the eye

71
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

what does photoreceptors do

A

detect light

72
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

where are photoreceptors located

A

outer layer

73
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

how many types of photoreceptors

A

2

74
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

what are the photoreceptors

A

cones and rods

75
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

rods:

A

detect light

76
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

cones:

A

detect color and light

77
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

what are responsible for photoreception

A

cones and rods

78
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

photoreception is:

A

the absorption of photons by the visual pigments in the eye.

79
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

what are the visual pigments

A

derivatives of the compound rhodopsin

80
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

what is rhodopsin composed of

A

protein called ospin and the compound retinal or retinene

81
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

what is retinal/retinene synthesized from

A

Vitamin A

82
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

which are more abundant in the eye - rods or cones

A

rods

83
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

what is the optic disc

A

origin of the optic nerve

84
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

are there photoreceptors in the optic disk

A

no

“blind spot”

85
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

the eye can be divided into _____ cavities and _____ chambers

A

2

2

86
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

where are the 2 chambers located in the eye

A

anterior cavity

87
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

what are the 2 chambers of eye called

A

anterior

posterior

88
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

where is the anterior chamber of the eye located

A

extends from cornea to the iris

89
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

where is the posterior chamber of the eye located

A

extends from the iris to the ciliary body and lens

90
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

the two chambers of the eye are filled with

A

a fluid called the aqueous humor

91
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

aqueous humor is similar to

A

CSF

92
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

function of the aqueous humor

A

circulate nutrients and waste products

93
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

the posterior cavity of the eye contains

A

vitreous boy or fluid

94
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

the vitreous fluid helps

A

give the eye support and stabilizes the shape of the eye

95
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

where is the lends located

A

behind the cornea of the eye

96
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

function of the lens

A

focus light on the photoreceptors of the eye

97
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

the lens refracts light on a

A

focal point on the retina

98
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

when the image is refracted onto the retina it is

A

upside down and backwards

99
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

when the image arrives at the cortex it is processed into the ______ orientation

A

correct

100
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

_______ or _______ is determined from a standard referenced index

A

clarity of vision/ visual acuity

101
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

normal acuity is

A

20/20

102
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

acuity below _____ is legally blind

A

20/200

103
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

_____ are responsible for color vision

A

cones

104
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

how many types of cones

A

3

105
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

what are the cones

A

red
blue
green

106
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

Photoreceptors of the eye pass visual info onto the

A

optic disc

107
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

visual info passes the optic disk and continue

A

down the optic nerve to the optic chiasm

108
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

When at the optic chiasm half the fibers _________ and the other half _________

A

cross over to the opposite side

continues on the same side

109
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

Once past the chiasm, the nuerons travel down

A

optic tract

110
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

the optic tract takes neurons where

A

latreal geniculate bodies

111
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

From the geniculate bodies, the visual info travels to the

A

occipital or vidual cortex to be processed

112
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

the inner ear is a specialized sensory organ with two functions

A

hearing

balance aka equilibrium

113
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

the ear is divided into ____ anatomical regions

A

3

114
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

what are the regions of the ear

A

external
middle
inner

115
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

the external ear consists of ________ visualized around the _______

A

cartilaginous structures

ear canal

116
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

the ______ which leads to the eardrum is part of the external ear

A

external auditory canal

117
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

eardrum=

A

tympanic membrane

118
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

middle ear is called

A

tympanic cavity

119
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

the middle ear is filled with

A

air

120
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

the middle ear is separated from the external canal by

A

tympanic membrane

121
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

the middle ear communicated with the

A

nasopharynx

122
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

how does the middle ear communicate with the nasopharynx

A

auditory tube (Eustaschian tube)

123
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

the middle ear contains 3 small auditory ossicles or bones

A

malleus (hammer)
incus (anvil)
stapes (stirrup)

124
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

vibration of the tympanic membrane causes the inner ear bones to

A

move and conduct sound to the inner ear

125
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

inner ear contains

A

receptors for hearing and balance

126
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

inner ear receptors are found

A

in membranous labyrinth

127
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

membranous labyrinth contains fluid called

A

endolymph

128
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

the bony labyrinth contains a fluid similar to CSF called

A

perilymph

129
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

the bony labyrinth is divided into 3 structures

A

vestibule
semicircular canals
cochlea

130
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

vestibule contains a pair of membranous sacs called

A

saccule

utricle

131
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

The receptors in the vestibule respond to changes in

A

gravity and linear acceleration

132
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

the semicircular canals respond to changes in

A

head rotation

133
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

the receptors in the cochlea provide

A

sense of hearing

134
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

hair cells located in _____ and _______ are connected to the vestibular ganglia

A

vestibule

semicircular ducts

135
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

the vestibular ganglia are connected to the

A

cortex

136
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

the vestibular ganglia provide

A

control of postural muscles (with regard to changes in position of the body)

137
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

the vestibular nuclei have 4 functions

A

integrating sensory info about balance with head movement
relaying vestibular info to the cerebellum
relaying vestibular info to the cortex for the conscious awareness of head position
motor input to the cranial nerves involved with eye, head, neck movements.

138
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

the _______ tracts send info to the cord to adjust peripheral muscle tone

A

vertibulospinal

139
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

hearing is perceived when the ________ of the inner ear bones stimulate the __________

A

vibrations

perilymph of the cochlea

140
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

_____ in the cochlea are stimulated and sound is recognized

A

tiny hair cells

141
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

the hair cells in the cochlea are located in a structure called the

A

organ of corti

142
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

Describe hearing process (6 steps)

Step 1

A

Sound waves arrive at the tympanic membrane

143
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

Describe hearing process (6 steps)

Step 2

A

movement of the membrane causes vibration of the audotory ossicles

144
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

Describe hearing process (6 steps)

Step 3

A

movement of the stapes on the oval window creates a pressure wave on the perilymph of the vestibular duct

145
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

Describe hearing process (6 steps)

Step 4

A

pressure wave distorts the basilar membrane

146
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

Describe hearing process (6 steps)

Step 5

A

vibration of the basilar membrane causes vibration of the hair cells against the tectoral membrane

147
Q

Chapter 17 - Sensory Function

Describe hearing process (6 steps)

Step 6

A

info regarding the intensity of the sound is relayed to the CNS via the cochlear branch of the CN VIII

Anatomy & Physiology (30 decks)

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