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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue Notes > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

muscle tissue is unique because it can

A

contract

contractile tissue

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2
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

how many types of muscle tissue in body

A

3

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3
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

what are types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal
smooth
cardiac

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4
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

skeletal muscle is under _____ control

A

voluntary

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5
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

skeletal muscles are large and

A

multinucleated

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6
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

function of skeletal muscles

A

maintain body postures and position
support soft tissues
guards entrances and exits to the body cavities
helps maintain the body temp

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7
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

muscle tissue has 3 layers of

A

connective tissue

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8
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

what are 3 layers of muscle tissue

A

epimysium
perimysium
endomysium

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9
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

epimysium

A

covers entire muscle

outer layer

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10
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

perimysium

A

central layer covers individual bundles of fibers

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11
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

bundles of fibers in muscle tissue

A

fascicle

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12
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

endomysium

A

inner layer

surrounds individaul muscle fibers

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13
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

what layer are muscle satellite cells found

A

endomysium

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14
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

what are satellite cells

A

stem cells

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15
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

end of the muscle fiber come together to form a

A

tendon

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16
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

tendon otherwise called

A

aponeurosis

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17
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

what tendon does

A

attachment of muscle tissue to bone

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18
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

muscles contain

A

multinucleated

myoblasts

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19
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

myoblasts are

A

functional cells of the tissue

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20
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

sacrolemma

A

cell membrane of skeletal muscle cell

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21
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

sacroplasm

A

cytoplasm of a skeletal muscle cell.

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22
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

the cell membrane has a ______ that maintains the resting membrane potential

A

transmembrane electrical potential

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23
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

changes in the electrical charge across the membrane result in

A

rapid contraction of the muscle involved

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24
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

the _______ allow the electrical charge to pass along the whole muscle and stimulate contraction

A

T tubes or

transverse tubules

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25
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

myofibrils

A

circular structures that run the entire length of the muscle cell

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26
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

cyofibrils are made up of protien bundles called

A

myofilaments

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27
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

myofilaments are comprised of

A

actin and myosin

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28
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

_____ and _____ are responsible for muscle contraction

A

actin

myosin

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29
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

sacroplasmic reticulum

A

same as smooth ER

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30
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

sacromere

A

smallest functional units of myofilaments

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31
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

one myofibril contains ___ sarcomeres

A

10k

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32
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

_____ are the smallest functional units of the muscle fiber

A

sarcromeres

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33
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

sarcomeres contain

A 
thick filaments - myosin
thin filaments - actin
proteins - stabilize the filaments
regulatory proteins
A bands
I bands
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34
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

what regulates the interaction between thick and thin filaments

A

regulatory proteins

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35
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

A bands

A

dark in appearance
located in center of the sacromere
contain subdivisions (M line, H zone, Zone of overlap_

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36
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

I Bands

A

contain thin filaments and extend from A band to A band

Z lines mark the boundary of one sacromere to another

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37
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

thin filaments (actin) contain

A

F actin
tropomyosin
troponin

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38
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

F actin is

A

a strand with two rows of actin protein

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39
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

the F actin bands are composed of

A

G actin

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40
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

tropomyosin

A

covers the active sires of the G actin to prevent muscle contraction at rest

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41
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

troponin

A

is a molecule that has 3 subunits: ne binds to tropomyosin, one to G actin, and on to a calcium ion

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42
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

muscle contraction occurs when _______ moves off to the active site exposing the receptor on the ______ strand

A

troposyosin

F actin strand

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43
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

each thick filament (myosin) consists of

A

pair of subunits twisted around each other

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44
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

the ____ of the myosin is attached to other myosin molecules

A

tail

45
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

the _____ of the myosin projects outward toward the thin actin filaments

A

head

46
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

the _____ theory is the contraction of skeletal muscle

A

sliding filament theory

47
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

during contraction the following happens

A

H band and I bands get smaller
zones of overlap get smaller
Z lines get closer together
width of A bands stay the same

48
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

what is the contraction cycle

A 
exposure of the active sites
cross bridges attach to the myosin
myosin head pivots (power stroke)
detachment of cross bridges occurs
reactivation of myosin
49
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

the control of the contraction is ultimately dependent on the

A

NS

50
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

the ______ of motor area of the cerebral cortex controls skeletal muscle contraction

A

precentral gyrus

51
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

the NS is in contact with skeletal muscle at the ________ or the _________

A

neuromuscular junction

myoneural junction

52
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

axons from the NS penetrate the perimysium of the muscle and end in

A

synaptic terminals

53
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

synaptic terminals contain the neurotransmitter

A

acetylcholine (ACh)

54
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

motor end plate

A

is opposite the synaptic terminal and contains receptor that bind with ACh.

55
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

ACh makes the cell membrane more

A

permeable

56
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

muscle fibers produce tensions based on the amount of ______ present in the sacromere

A

pivoting cross bridges

57
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

tension production principle within muscle

A

all or nothing

58
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

twitch

A

single contraction

small and fast

59
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

tetanus

A

sustained stimulation

no relaxation period

60
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

treppe

A

staged or staggered arrival of action potential in the skeletal muscle

61
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

resting tension provides

A

muscle tone

62
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

resting tensions function

A

stabilizes the bones and joints of the body

63
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

isotonic contraction

A

as tension increases the length of the muscle increases

64
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

two types of isotonic contractions

A

concentric

eccentric contraction

65
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

concentric contraction

A

muscle tension exceeds the resistance and the muscle shortens

66
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

eccentric contraction

A

the tension is the muscle is less than the resistance and the muscle lenghtens

67
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

isometric contractions

A

muscle does not change length

68
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

after a muscle contraction has occurred the muscle will return to its original

A

resting length

69
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

what aids in returning a muscle to its original lenght

A

gravity

70
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

muscular activity relies on the presence of ______ in the muscle tissue

A

ATP

71
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

ATP is not stored in any large amounts in

A

muscular system

72
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

body’s cells produce ATP by

A

aerobic metabolism

anaerobic metabolism

73
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

this provides 95% of the body’s ATP needs

A

aerobic metabolism

74
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

_____ is the cycle in a series of chemical reaction

A

Krebb’s

75
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

______ rely almost entirely on aerobic metabolism for ATP

A

skeletal muscle cells

76
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

anaerobic metabolism doesn’t use

A

oxygen

77
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

glycolysis

A

is the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid

78
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

when the pyruvic acid is created faster than it can be used by the mitochondria it will be converted to _______ and build up in muscles

A

lactic acid

79
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

_____ is the state of a skeletal muscle that cannot contract any longer even if there is repeated nervous stimulation

A

fatigue

80
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

muscle fatigue may occur

A

ATP depletion

damage to the sarcoplasmic reticulum

81
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

normal muscle activity requires

A

substantial intercellular energy levels
normal circulation to the tissue
normal blood oxygen levels

82
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

_______ is the amount of oxygen consumed post exercise

A

oxygen debt

83
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

______ large amounts of heat are generated by muscular activity (by catabolic process of breakdown of glucose for ATP)

A

heat loss

84
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

skeletal muscle activity accounts for XX% of body’s temp

A

85%

85
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

____is the maximum amount of tension produced by a particular muscle or group of muscles

A

power

86
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

____is the amount of time a muscle can sustain a particular activity

A

endurance

87
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

Performance is determined by

A

types of muscle fibers in the muscle

physical condition of the muscle

88
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

3 types of skeletal muscle fibers

A

fast twitch or fast fibers
slow fibers or red muscle
intermediate fibers

89
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

fast fibers

A

powerful contractions but fatigue fast

energy comes from anaerobic repiration

90
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

slow fibers

A

fatigue slower
rich in blood supply
contain myoglobin - red in color

91
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

which fiber has most myoglobin

A

slow fibers

92
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

intermediate fibers

A

middle of fast and slow

vast capillary netwrok

93
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

fast muscles fibers appear

A

white or pale

94
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

slow muscle fibers appear

A

darker (myoglobin)

95
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

enlargement of a muscle

A

muscle hypertrophy

96
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

as we age the the effects on muscles:

A

skeletal muscle fibers become smaller
muscle fibers become less elastic
tolerance for exercies decreases
recovery decreases or the recovery time increases

97
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

cardiac muscle tissue is

A

involuntary striated muscle

98
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

cardiac muscle is only found

A

in heart

99
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

cardiac muscle is entirely dependent on

A

aerobic respiration

100
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

cardiac muscle cells contain cell-to-cell junctions called

A

intercalated discs

101
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

function of intercalated discs

A

create electrical connection between cardiac cells

102
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

cardiac muscle will contract with no

A

neural stimulation

103
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

cardiac muscles contain

A

pacemaker cells

104
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

contractions last ___ longer than skeletal muscles

A

10x

105
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

smooth muscle is

A

involuntary

106
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

what occurs with smooth muscle

A

organs and blood vessels

107
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

smooth muscle is found

A

all the major organ systems

108
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

smooth muscle is different than cardiac and skeletal in that it

A

is non-striated
does not form tendons
actin and myosin are arranged differently

109
Q

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue

smooth muscle exhibits _______ meaning it can contract over a large range or lenghts

A

plasticity

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