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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization Notes > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

Cytology is

A

the study of the structure and function of cells

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2
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

in human body how many classes of cells

A

2
somatic
sex

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3
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

sex cells are also called

A

germ cells or reproductive cells

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4
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

what are germ cells in men/women

A

sperm/oocytes

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5
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

what forms the outer boundary of the cell

A

plasma membrane or plasmalemma

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6
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

what is function of the plasma membrane

A

functions to separate the inner part from the outside environment.

to regulate the exchange or interaction with the environment

regulates the release of ions in and out of the cell

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7
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

cell membrane contains

A

lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates

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8
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

the cell membrane is _______ layer

A

phospholipid

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9
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

Which head of the phospholipid layer faces the membrane surface

A

hydrophilic

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10
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

the ________ tail faces the inside of the membrane

A

hydrophobic

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11
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

transmembrane proteins

A

integral proteins are part of the membrane strucutre

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12
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

peripheral proteins

A

are bound to the inner/outer surface of the membrane

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13
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

function of membrane proteins:

A 
anchoring 
recognition
enzyme receptors
carriers
channels
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14
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

membrane carbohydrates are made up of

A

proteoglycans
glycoproteins
glycolipids

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15
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

what is glycocalyx

A

carbohydrate portions that extend out beyond the cell membrane form this

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16
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

what determines what substance can leave or enter the cytoplasm of the cell

A

membrane permeability

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17
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

passage of the membrane is

A

active or passive

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18
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

active passage requires

A

energy or ATP

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19
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

what results from random motion and collisions of ions and molecules (passive passage)

A

diffusion

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20
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

what occurs when hydrostatic pressure is exerted on teh fluids and solutes, also passive

A

filtration

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21
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

what involves the movement of materials within small sacs or vesicles

A

vesicular transport

active

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22
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

what is the net movement of material from an area of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration

A

diffusion

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23
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

what factors influence diffusion

A

distance
gradient size
molecule size
electrical forces

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24
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

what is the net diffusion of water across a cell membrane

A

osmosis

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25
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

osmotic pressure is

A

the force of water movement into a solution as a result of a concentration gradient

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26
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

what is the total solute concentration in an aqueous solution

A

osmolarity

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27
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

tonicity is the effect of various solutions on

A

cells

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28
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

A _________ solution is one that does not have an osmotic flow of water in /out

A

isotonic

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29
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

___________________ is the transportation of solute particles across a membrane due to hydrostatic pressure forces

A

filtration

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30
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

_____________ involves the use of integral proteins and has the following characteristics:
specificity
saturation limits
regulation

A

carrier mediated transport

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31
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

____________ is the passive transport of molecules across a membrane by carrier proteins

A

facilitated diffusion

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32
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

__________ uses energy to transport molecules across a membrane, it is not dependent on a concentration gradient

A

active transport

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33
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

_____ are proteins that transport molecules across the membrane; they may be specific to one type of ion.

A

ion pumps

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34
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

_______ is the bundling of extra cellular material in a vesicle at the cell surface that will be imported inot the cell

A

endocytosis

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35
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

vesicles that are formed by receptor mediated or pinocytosis are called ______ and the ones produced by phagocytosis are called

A

endosomes

phagosomes

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36
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

___________ is the reverse of endocytosis a vesicle is created inside the cell and fuses with the cell membrane and the material is exported outside the cell into the extracellular fluid

A

exocytosis

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37
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

cytoplasm

A

is the materail that is inside the cell membrane and surrounding the nucleus

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38
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

the _____ is the intracellular fluid that contains dissolved ions and soluble and insoluble protiens

A

cytosol

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39
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

the cytosol differs from teh extracellular fluid in that

A

it contains a higher concentration of K and lower NA

contains a higher concentration of suspended proteins

comntains small amounts of carbs to be used as energy

40
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

_______ are insoluble material stored as nutrients

A

inclusions

41
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

non-membraneous _______ are not fully enclosed by a membrane and all of its components are in direct contact with the cytosol

A

organelles

42
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

membranous organelles are isolated from the cytosol by their

A

membranes

43
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

non-membranous organelles are (6):

A 
cytoskeleton
microvilli
centrioles
cilia
flagella
ribosomes
44
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

the membranous organelles are the (6):

A 
endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
lysosomes
peroxisomes
mitochondria
cell nucleus
45
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

cytoskeleton

A

The cytoskeleton gives strength and flexibility to the cell

46
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

microvilli

A

small fingerlike projections that increase the surface area of the cell membrane and thus allow for increased absorption of materials from the extracellular fluid

47
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

centrioles

A

produce microtubules that help move chromosomes during cell division.

48
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

cilia

A

move fluids or solids across the cell membrane.

49
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

flagella

A

serve to propel the organism or move a medium past a fixed cell

50
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

ribosomes

A

Proteins are produced on the surface of ribosomes

51
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

endoplasmic reticulum

A

Carries materials through cell

Aids in making proteins

52
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

Golgi apparatus

A

Modify proteins made by the cells

Package & export proteins

53
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

lysosomes

A

digest foreign objects such as bacteria that a white blood cell has ingested. (This is a part of the process of phagocytosis, or “cell-eating.”
break down old worn-out cell parts within the cell.

54
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

peroxisomes

A

neutralizing toxins such as alcohol.

55
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

mitochondria

A

converting the energy found in food into a form of energy that cells can use. This form of energy is a chemical called ATP, or adenosine triphosphate.

56
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

nucleus

A

control center. contains DNA

57
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

what surrounds the nucleus

A

nuclear envelope

58
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

______ allow contact between the nucleus and the cytosol

A

nuclear pores

59
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

_______ is the fluid contents of the nucleus and contains the DNS, RNA, enzymes, and nucleotides

A

nucleoplasm

60
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

what synthesizes rRNA

A

nucleoli

61
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

what does the nucleoli contain

A

RNA
enzymes
proteins called histones

62
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

where is DNA contained

A

chromosomes

63
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

how many pairs of chromosomes

A

23

64
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

the chromosome contains DNA strands attached to

A

histones

65
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

when do chromosomes become visible under microscope?

A

cell division is about to happen - when there are 2 copies of each chromosome

66
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

during cell division each copy of chromosome is called

A

chromatid

67
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

what are the chromatid joined by

A

centromere

68
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

what surrounds the chromatid pairs

A

kinetochore - a protein complex

69
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

what is the genetic code

A

a triplet code due to the sequence of 3 nitrogenous bases that can specify the identity of a single amino acid

70
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

DNA BASES (nitrogen)

A

ADENINE - A
THYMINE - T
CYTOSINE - C
GUANINE - G

71
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

Regulation on each gene with an on/off switch

A

promoter

72
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

gene activation occurs as a result of the temporary disruption of the _____ and exposure of the _______

A

histones

promoter

73
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

the enzyme RNA polymerase binds to the promoter gene and thus starts the process of

A

DNA transcription

74
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

what is the production of RNA from a DNA template

A

DNA transcription

75
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

transcription can form which RNA

A

t, m, or r

76
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

which is the most important RNA as it will carry the genetic info out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm for protein synthesis

A

mRNA

77
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

_____ is the formation of linear chain of amino acids by suing the info that is contained on teh mRNA strand.

A

Translation

78
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

where does translation happen

A

ribosomes

79
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

what is the process that an organism develops from a single cell

A

cell division

80
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

when a cell divides into two they are called

A

daughter cells

81
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

________ is the genetically controlled death of a cell

A

apoptosis

82
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

division of the nucleus of a cell is

A

mitosis

83
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

where does mitosis occur

A

somatic or body cells

84
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

what is the division of sex cells

A

meiosis

85
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

_____ is a cell performing its normal functions while preparing to divide. it is not actively dividing

A

interphase

86
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

phase the cell is not preparing to divide

A

G0

87
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

phase where the cell produces the organelles, cytosol, and membranes for two functional cells

A

G1

88
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

the cell enters this phase once all the activites of G1 have occured. During this phase the cell duplicated its chromosomes, which involves DNA replications

A

S PHASE

89
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

this phase ocurs when DNA replication has occured and is devoted to last minute protein synthesis.

A

G2

90
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

This phase occurs when protein synthesis is complete

A

M Phase

91
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

_______ is the process that separates teh duplicated chromosomes of a cell into two identcal nuclei; it refers to the division and duplication of the cell nucleus

A

mitosis

92
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

how many phases in mitosis

A

4

93
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

_________ is the cytoplasmic division of the two daughter cells. This is the end of cell division.

A

cytokinesis

94
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

list the cell cycle in order

A 
Interphase
G0
G1
S phase
G2
M phase - mitosis
95
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

list the phases of mitosis in order

A

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

Anatomy & Physiology (30 decks)

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