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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization Notes > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

Cytology is

A

the study of the structure and function of cells

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2
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

in human body how many classes of cells

A

2
somatic
sex

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3
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

sex cells are also called

A

germ cells or reproductive cells

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4
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

what are germ cells in men/women

A

sperm/oocytes

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5
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

what forms the outer boundary of the cell

A

plasma membrane or plasmalemma

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6
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

what is function of the plasma membrane

A

functions to separate the inner part from the outside environment.

to regulate the exchange or interaction with the environment

regulates the release of ions in and out of the cell

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7
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

cell membrane contains

A

lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates

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8
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

the cell membrane is _______ layer

A

phospholipid

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9
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

Which head of the phospholipid layer faces the membrane surface

A

hydrophilic

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10
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

the ________ tail faces the inside of the membrane

A

hydrophobic

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11
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

transmembrane proteins

A

integral proteins are part of the membrane strucutre

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12
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

peripheral proteins

A

are bound to the inner/outer surface of the membrane

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13
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

function of membrane proteins:

A 
anchoring 
recognition
enzyme receptors
carriers
channels
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14
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

membrane carbohydrates are made up of

A

proteoglycans
glycoproteins
glycolipids

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15
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

what is glycocalyx

A

carbohydrate portions that extend out beyond the cell membrane form this

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16
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

what determines what substance can leave or enter the cytoplasm of the cell

A

membrane permeability

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17
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

passage of the membrane is

A

active or passive

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18
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

active passage requires

A

energy or ATP

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19
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

what results from random motion and collisions of ions and molecules (passive passage)

A

diffusion

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20
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

what occurs when hydrostatic pressure is exerted on teh fluids and solutes, also passive

A

filtration

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21
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

what involves the movement of materials within small sacs or vesicles

A

vesicular transport

active

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22
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

what is the net movement of material from an area of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration

A

diffusion

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23
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

what factors influence diffusion

A

distance
gradient size
molecule size
electrical forces

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24
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

what is the net diffusion of water across a cell membrane

A

osmosis

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25
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

osmotic pressure is

A

the force of water movement into a solution as a result of a concentration gradient

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26
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

what is the total solute concentration in an aqueous solution

A

osmolarity

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27
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

tonicity is the effect of various solutions on

A

cells

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28
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

A _________ solution is one that does not have an osmotic flow of water in /out

A

isotonic

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29
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

___________________ is the transportation of solute particles across a membrane due to hydrostatic pressure forces

A

filtration

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30
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

_____________ involves the use of integral proteins and has the following characteristics:
specificity
saturation limits
regulation

A

carrier mediated transport

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31
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

____________ is the passive transport of molecules across a membrane by carrier proteins

A

facilitated diffusion

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32
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

__________ uses energy to transport molecules across a membrane, it is not dependent on a concentration gradient

A

active transport

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33
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

_____ are proteins that transport molecules across the membrane; they may be specific to one type of ion.

A

ion pumps

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34
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

_______ is the bundling of extra cellular material in a vesicle at the cell surface that will be imported inot the cell

A

endocytosis

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35
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

vesicles that are formed by receptor mediated or pinocytosis are called ______ and the ones produced by phagocytosis are called

A

endosomes

phagosomes

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36
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

___________ is the reverse of endocytosis a vesicle is created inside the cell and fuses with the cell membrane and the material is exported outside the cell into the extracellular fluid

A

exocytosis

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37
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

cytoplasm

A

is the materail that is inside the cell membrane and surrounding the nucleus

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38
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

the _____ is the intracellular fluid that contains dissolved ions and soluble and insoluble protiens

A

cytosol

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39
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

the cytosol differs from teh extracellular fluid in that

A

it contains a higher concentration of K and lower NA

contains a higher concentration of suspended proteins

comntains small amounts of carbs to be used as energy

40
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

_______ are insoluble material stored as nutrients

A

inclusions

41
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

non-membraneous _______ are not fully enclosed by a membrane and all of its components are in direct contact with the cytosol

A

organelles

42
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

membranous organelles are isolated from the cytosol by their

43
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

non-membranous organelles are (6):

A 
cytoskeleton
microvilli
centrioles
cilia
flagella
ribosomes
44
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

the membranous organelles are the (6):

A 
endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
lysosomes
peroxisomes
mitochondria
cell nucleus
45
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

cytoskeleton

A

The cytoskeleton gives strength and flexibility to the cell

46
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

microvilli

A

small fingerlike projections that increase the surface area of the cell membrane and thus allow for increased absorption of materials from the extracellular fluid

47
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

centrioles

A

produce microtubules that help move chromosomes during cell division.

48
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

cilia

A

move fluids or solids across the cell membrane.

49
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

flagella

A

serve to propel the organism or move a medium past a fixed cell

50
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

ribosomes

A

Proteins are produced on the surface of ribosomes

51
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

endoplasmic reticulum

A

Carries materials through cell

Aids in making proteins

52
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

Golgi apparatus

A

Modify proteins made by the cells

Package & export proteins

53
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

lysosomes

A

digest foreign objects such as bacteria that a white blood cell has ingested. (This is a part of the process of phagocytosis, or “cell-eating.”
break down old worn-out cell parts within the cell.

54
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

peroxisomes

A

neutralizing toxins such as alcohol.

55
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

mitochondria

A

converting the energy found in food into a form of energy that cells can use. This form of energy is a chemical called ATP, or adenosine triphosphate.

56
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

nucleus

A

control center. contains DNA

57
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

what surrounds the nucleus

A

nuclear envelope

58
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

______ allow contact between the nucleus and the cytosol

A

nuclear pores

59
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

_______ is the fluid contents of the nucleus and contains the DNS, RNA, enzymes, and nucleotides

A

nucleoplasm

60
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

what synthesizes rRNA

61
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

what does the nucleoli contain

A

RNA
enzymes
proteins called histones

62
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

where is DNA contained

A

chromosomes

63
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

how many pairs of chromosomes

64
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

the chromosome contains DNA strands attached to

65
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

when do chromosomes become visible under microscope?

A

cell division is about to happen - when there are 2 copies of each chromosome

66
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

during cell division each copy of chromosome is called

67
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

what are the chromatid joined by

A

centromere

68
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

what surrounds the chromatid pairs

A

kinetochore - a protein complex

69
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

what is the genetic code

A

a triplet code due to the sequence of 3 nitrogenous bases that can specify the identity of a single amino acid

70
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

DNA BASES (nitrogen)

A

ADENINE - A
THYMINE - T
CYTOSINE - C
GUANINE - G

71
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

Regulation on each gene with an on/off switch

72
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

gene activation occurs as a result of the temporary disruption of the _____ and exposure of the _______

A

histones

promoter

73
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

the enzyme RNA polymerase binds to the promoter gene and thus starts the process of

A

DNA transcription

74
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

what is the production of RNA from a DNA template

A

DNA transcription

75
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

transcription can form which RNA

A

t, m, or r

76
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

which is the most important RNA as it will carry the genetic info out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm for protein synthesis

77
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

_____ is the formation of linear chain of amino acids by suing the info that is contained on teh mRNA strand.

A

Translation

78
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

where does translation happen

79
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

what is the process that an organism develops from a single cell

A

cell division

80
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

when a cell divides into two they are called

A

daughter cells

81
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

________ is the genetically controlled death of a cell

82
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

division of the nucleus of a cell is

83
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

where does mitosis occur

A

somatic or body cells

84
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

what is the division of sex cells

85
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

_____ is a cell performing its normal functions while preparing to divide. it is not actively dividing

A

interphase

86
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

phase the cell is not preparing to divide

87
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

phase where the cell produces the organelles, cytosol, and membranes for two functional cells

88
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

the cell enters this phase once all the activites of G1 have occured. During this phase the cell duplicated its chromosomes, which involves DNA replications

89
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

this phase ocurs when DNA replication has occured and is devoted to last minute protein synthesis.

90
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

This phase occurs when protein synthesis is complete

91
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

_______ is the process that separates teh duplicated chromosomes of a cell into two identcal nuclei; it refers to the division and duplication of the cell nucleus

92
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

how many phases in mitosis

93
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

_________ is the cytoplasmic division of the two daughter cells. This is the end of cell division.

A

cytokinesis

94
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

list the cell cycle in order

A 
Interphase
G0
G1
S phase
G2
M phase - mitosis
95
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

list the phases of mitosis in order

A

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

Anatomy & Physiology (30 decks)

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