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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 13 - The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves Notes > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves Notes Flashcards

2
Q

Length of adult spinal cord

A

approx 45 cm

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3
Q

width of adult spinal cord

A

approx 14 mm

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4
Q

median sulcus

A

located on the posterior - longitudinal

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5
Q

median fissure

A

anterior

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6
Q

cord

A

gray matter in segments that deal with sensory and motor control of the limbs

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7
Q

cord in cervical region and lumbar

A

expanded areas of cord

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8
Q

name of end of cord

A

filum terminale extending from conus to second sacral segment

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9
Q

end of cord (shape)

A

tapered and conical

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10
Q

dorsal root ganglia

A

each spinal segment is associated with one

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11
Q

dorsal root

A

cell bodies of the sensory neurons that carry info into the spinal cord

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12
Q

ventral root

A

cell bodies of the motor neurons or output of the spinal cord

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13
Q

spinal nerve

A

mixture of sensory and motor fibers

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14
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves coming off the spinal cord?

A

31 pairs

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15
Q

spinal meninges

A

is a series of specialized membranes surrounding the spinal cord.they provide support and protection to the spinal cord

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16
Q

layers of meninges

A

3dura materarachnoid materpia mater

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17
Q

dura mater

A

(tough mother) meningeal layerouter most covering of the cord

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18
Q

epidural space

A

space between dura mater and the wall of the vertebral canal.contains loose connective tissue, blood vessels, and adipose tissue

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19
Q

arachnoid mater

A

middle meningeal layer

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20
Q

subarachnoid space

A

space between arachnoid and pia mater. This is where CSF is contained

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21
Q

CSF

A

cervical spinal fluid

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22
Q

pia mater

A

(little mother) meningeal layerinner most layer. Various medical procedures and tests invade these spaces, and infectious processes.

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23
Q

nuclei

A

cell bodies of neurons in the gray matter

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24
Q

central canal

A

separates the anterior from the posterior aspect of the cord

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25
Q

posterior gray horns

A

contain sensory nuclei

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26
Q

anterior gray horns

A

contain motor nuclei

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27
Q

lateral gray horn

A

only found in the thoracic and lumbar region of the cord. contains visceral motor nuclei

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28
Q

white matter

A

located on each side of the cord.organized into 3 regionsposterior anteriorlateral

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29
Q

posterior white column

A

lies between the posterior gray and the posterior median sulcus

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30
Q

anterior white columns

A

lie between the anterior gray and the anterior median fissure

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31
Q

lateral white columns

A

lie between the anterior and posterior columns.

32
Q

Axons

A

each lateral white column contains axonsthey share structural and functional characteristics

33
Q

Ascending tracts

A

carry sensory info to the brain

34
Q

what surrounds each nerve

A

several layers of connective tissue layers
epineurium
perineurium
endoneurium

35
Q

descending tracts

A

carry motor info to the periphery

36
Q

epineurium

A

outermost layer of the spinal nerve

37
Q

perineurium

A

middle layer of the spinal nerve

38
Q

endoneurium

A

inner most layer covering the spinal nerve

39
Q

spinal nerve carries:

A

visceral motor fibers to the autonomic gangliacalled preganglionic fiberwhite rami communicantes

40
Q

preganglionic fiber synapses with:

A

postganglionic fiber of the sympathetic chain

41
Q

dorsal ramus

A

supplies sensory and motor function to the skin and muscles of the back

42
Q

ventral ramus

A

supplies the ventrolateral surface of the body and structures in the body wall and limbs

43
Q

dermatome

A

specific region of the skin that is monitored by a single pair of spinal nerves

44
Q

nerve plexus

A

the convergence of the ventral rami of many spinal nerves blending to form trunks of nerves. 4 major nerve plexuses in the NSCervicalBrachialLumbarSacral

45
Q

Cervical plexus

A

Consists of the vental rami of cervical spinal nerves from C1 to C5Supplies the muscle of the neck, and extends into the thoracic cavity via the phrenic nerve.

46
Q

Phrenic nerve

A

Is the major nerve of the cervical plexus and provides total supply to the diaphragm. The phrenic nerve is formed from the ventral rami of C3, C4, and C5.

47
Q

Brachial plexus

A

Innervates the pectoral girdle and upper limb. The nerve root contributions are from the ventral rami of spinal nerve C5-T1. The distribution of the nerves is from root-trunk-cord-nerve.

48
Q

Lumbar plexus

A

Contains axons from the ventral rami of T12-L4 and give rise to the genitofemoral nerve, the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, and the femoral nerve.

49
Q

Sacral plexus

A

Arises from the ventral rami of of spinal nerves from L4-S4 and give rise to the sciatic nerve and pudendal nerve. The sciatic nerve branches into the peroneal nerve and the tibal nerve at the knee

50
Q

What are reflexes

A

Rapid automatic responses to specific stimuli.

51
Q

Reflex arc

A

Is the neurological wiring of a single reflex. It involves a receptor and an end organ.

52
Q

Flow of a simple reflex arc

A

Stimulus arrivesActivated sensory neuronInfo processing Activation motor neuronResponse of the effector

53
Q

How are reflexes classified?

A

By development, site of processing, the nature of the motor response, and the complexity of the circuit involved.

54
Q

Innate reflexes

A

Result from connections that form during the development of the nervous system

55
Q

Acquired reflexes

A

Are learned motor patterns. They are rapid and automatic but learned.

56
Q

Processing sites

A

Are the locations where the reflex is processed, ie the spinal cord or the brain (cranial reflexes)

57
Q

What is the nature of the response?

A

The effect of the reflex on the body such as somatic or visceral response

58
Q

Monosynaptic reflex arc

A

A simple reflex consists of a sensory neuron and a motor neuron

59
Q

Polysynaptic reflex

A

Has a longer delay between stimulus and response due to interneurons, which can be many

60
Q

Spinal reflexes

A

May be complex or simple reflexes, involving one segment of the cord or many segments of the cord.

61
Q

Intersegmental reflex

A

Involves many segments of the spinal cord interacting in a coordinated manner to produce a highly variable motor response.

62
Q

Monosynaptic reflex

A

Little delay between the stimulus and the response. It occurs at the same level of the cord. The stretch reflex is the most common ms reflex. The stretch reflex provides automatic regulation of skeletal muscle length.

63
Q

Muscle spindles

A

Are the sensory receptors involved in a stretch reflex

64
Q

Intrafusal muscle fibers

A

Small skeletal muscle fibers contained in the muscle spindleAre innervated by a sensory neuron and a motor neuron.

65
Q

Extrafusal fibers

A

Bundle of fibers surrounding the spindleThey are responsible for the resting tone of the muscle.

66
Q

Gamma motor neurons

A

Innervated motor neuron in the infrafusal fibers

67
Q

Postural reflexes

A

Are monosynaptic

68
Q

Polysynaptic reflexes

A

Produce more complex responses than monosynaptic reflexes.

69
Q

What controls several muscle groups at the same time (polysynaptic reflex)

A

InterneuronsCan stimulate and inhibit at the same time. It may stimulate an extensor and inhibit a flexor at the same time.

70
Q

Tendon or myotatic reflexes

A

Monitor the external tension applied to tendons during muscle contractions. This reflex prevents tearing of the muscle or tendon.

71
Q

Withdrawal reflexes

A

Move stimulated parts of the body away from the stimulus.

72
Q

Reciprocal inhibition

A

Involves the interneurons of the spinal cord activating the anterior horn stimulating the flexor muscle in the leg; at the same time, interneurons are sending info to the extensor muscle of the leg to inhibit their activity.

73
Q

Crossed extensor reflex

A

This is a contra lateral reflex unlike the withdrawal reflex. This reflex is complimentary to the withdrawal reflex. Interneurons cross to the opposite side of the cord and stimulate the motor neurons in the contra lateral extensor muscles to keep you on balance.

74
Q

All poly synaptic reflexes share:

A

5 characteristics:1. They involve pools of interneurons. 2. They are intersegmental. 3. They involve reciprocal inhibition. 4. They have reverberating circuits that prolong the motor response. 5. They may cooperate to produce coordinated or controlled responses.

Anatomy & Physiology (30 decks)

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