Final Histo - Respiratory System Flashcards by Courtney Kast

What are the three principle functions of the respiratory system; as well as two other functions

air conduction
air filtration
gas exchange (respiration)
speech
olfactory sensation

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What are the two FUNCTIONAL divisions of the respiratory system

conducting division

respiratory division

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This division of the functional division of the respiratory system consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bonchi, and bronchioles

conducting division

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This division of the functional division of the respiratory system consists of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and aveoli

respiratory division

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This division of the functional division of the respiratory system deals mostly with the air passageways to and in the lungs

conducting division

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This division of the functional division of the respiratory system is where gas exchange takes place

respiratory division

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These blood vessels enter the lung with the bronchi and branch as they follow the bronchiole tree

pulmonary blood vessels; from right side of the heart

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Where do the pulmonary vessels end up

with the pulmonary capillaries in contact with the alveoli; the primary site of gas exchange

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What is meant by the air being conditioned as it passes through the air passages

warming, moistening, and the removal of particulate materials

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What type of secretions play a significant role in conditioning

mucous and serous

it moistens the air, traps particles, and prevents dehydration of the epithelium

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Where does the mucous of the respiratory system come from

goblet cells and mucous secreting glands

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This is located on the respiratory epithelium and its job is to sweep the mucous with the trapped particulate matter toward the pharynx to be swallowed

cilia

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What type of epithelium is respiratory epithelium

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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What type of cells are found in respiratory epithelium

ciliated columnar cells
goblet cells
basal cells

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This is a loose cognitive tissue layer containing blood vessels which warm the air and mucous glands

lamina propria

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This is a connective tissue layer slightly denser than lamina propia containing blood vessels and glands

submucosa

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This is composed of connective tissue that binds component to adjacent structures

adventitia

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This connects nasal and oral cavities to larynx and esophagus and is a passageway for food and air

pharynx

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What type of epithelium is found in the pharynx

respiratory epithelium

stratified squamous epithelium

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What are the divisions of the pharynx

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

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Which divisions of the pharynx are a food and air passageway? strictly an air passageway?

food and air = oropharynx and laryngopharynx

air only = nasopharynx

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What type of tissue is found in the nasopharynx

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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What type of tissue is found in the oropharynx and laryngopharyx

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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This is a passageway for air between the laryngopharynx and trachea; conducts air and serves as the speech organ

larynx

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What type of epithelium covers the larynx

respiratory epithelium

What type of epithelium covers the vocal cords and epiglottis

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

What is the purpose of the cartilages of the larynx

maintaining open airway sound production valve during swallowing

What cartilages of the larynx are made out of hyaline cartilage

thyroid | cricoid

What cartilages of the larynx are made out of elastic cartilage

epiglottis cuneiform corniculate

What cartilage of the larynx is made out of both hyaline and elastic cartilage

arytenoid cartilages

This is the short flexible air tube, 10 cm long

trachea

What is used to keep the trachea patent (clear)

C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage; the C opens to the posterior

How many C shaped cartilaginous rings are found in humans

16-20

What does the tracheal cartilages and tracheal is muscle separate

submucosa from adventitia

What does the trachea divide into at the end

two main (primary) bronchi

What are the wall/layers of the trachea

mucosa submucosa cartilaginous layer with tracheal is muscle adventitia

What type of mucosa is found in the trachea

respiratory epithelium on a thick basement membrane | lamina propria with lots of elastic fibers

What type of submucosa is found in the trachea

relatively loose connective tissue with submucosal glands

What is the flow of air from the primary (main) bronchi

secondary (lobar) bronchi tertiary (segmental) bronchi bronchioles terminal bronchioles

As the conducting system branches and the diameter becomes smaller, what else happens

amount of cartilage decreases amount of smooth muscle increases height of lining epithelium increases

What is the diameter of the bronchioles

1mm or less

Which primary bronchi is shorter, wider, and more vertical therefore a place where objects are more likely to get aspirated into

right main bronchus

Which lung has two lobar bronchi

left

Which lung has three lobar bronchi

right

How many bronchopulmonary segments (segmental bronchi) does the left lung have

8-10

How many bronchopulmonary segments (segmental bronchi) does the right lung have

What is special about the bronchopulmonary segments

They have their own blood supply and connective tissue septa; which makes it convenient for surgical resection of a segment

As the bronchi enter the lungs, what happens to the cartilage rings

they are replaced by plates/slivers of hyaline cartilage and disappear when it becomes a bronchiole

As the bronchi enter the lungs, what happens to the smooth muscle in the walls of the bronchi

it increases as cartilage disappears; forming a complete circumferential layer called the muscularis

What happens to the pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells as diameter of the bronchi decreases

the height decreases

What makes up the mucosa of the bronchi

respiratory epithelium; primary bronchi hace a basement membrane lamina propria

What is found in the submucosa of larger bronchi

glands

What changes does the epithelium undergo as it transitions into bronchioles

changes from ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium to ciliated simple columnar epithelium to ciliated simple cubodial epithelium

These are present in the largest of bronchioles but not present in terminal bronchioles

goblet cells

What type of epithelium lines the terminal bronchioles

ciliated simple cubodial epithelium

The terminal bronchioles lead to what

respiratory bronchioles

From the terminal bronchioles, where does the air flow

respiratory bronchioles alveolar ducts alveolar sacs alveoli

Clara cells of the terminal bronchiole does what

secretes lipoprotein that prevents bronchiolar wall adhesion

These are a small bundle of cubodial epithelium on a bundle of eosinophilic material, has both ciliated and clara cells

respiratory bronchiole

These are elongated airways have almost no walls in a tube form; rings of smooth muscle are present in the knob-like interalveolar septa

alveolar ducts

These are spaces surrounded by clusters of alveoli at the termination of the alveolar duct, a common opening of alveoli

alveolar sacs

There are between 150-250 million per adult lung, each is approximately 0.2mm in diameter

alveoli

This type of alveolar cells are called alveolar surface epithelium cells; squamous cells; lines 95% of alveolar surface

type 1 alveolar cells

These are called septal cells; cubodial cells; covering approx. 5% of alveolar surface

type 2 alveolar cells

What does type 2 alveolar cells discharge

phospholipid called surfactant which keeps the alveoli from collapsing with successive exhalation

These are known as dust cells, can be found in the connective tissue of septum and in the air space of alveoli; phagocytize inhaled particulate matter and RBCd

alveolar macrophages

These compose the wall of capillary

endothelial cells

These produce elastic fibers

fibroblasts

What is the barrier of the respiratory membrane between the alveolus and blood of the capillary

surface lining and cytoplasm of the alveolar cells fused basal laminae of the alveolar cells and capillary endothelial cells cytoplasm of the endothelial cells