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SP14 Anatomy > Final Histo - Respiratory System > Flashcards

Final Histo - Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three principle functions of the respiratory system; as well as two other functions

A 
air conduction
air filtration
gas exchange (respiration)
speech
olfactory sensation
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2
Q

What are the two FUNCTIONAL divisions of the respiratory system

A

conducting division

respiratory division

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3
Q

This division of the functional division of the respiratory system consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bonchi, and bronchioles

A

conducting division

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4
Q

This division of the functional division of the respiratory system consists of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and aveoli

A

respiratory division

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5
Q

This division of the functional division of the respiratory system deals mostly with the air passageways to and in the lungs

A

conducting division

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6
Q

This division of the functional division of the respiratory system is where gas exchange takes place

A

respiratory division

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7
Q

These blood vessels enter the lung with the bronchi and branch as they follow the bronchiole tree

A

pulmonary blood vessels; from right side of the heart

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8
Q

Where do the pulmonary vessels end up

A

with the pulmonary capillaries in contact with the alveoli; the primary site of gas exchange

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9
Q

What is meant by the air being conditioned as it passes through the air passages

A

warming, moistening, and the removal of particulate materials

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10
Q

What type of secretions play a significant role in conditioning

A

mucous and serous

it moistens the air, traps particles, and prevents dehydration of the epithelium

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11
Q

Where does the mucous of the respiratory system come from

A

goblet cells and mucous secreting glands

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12
Q

This is located on the respiratory epithelium and its job is to sweep the mucous with the trapped particulate matter toward the pharynx to be swallowed

A

cilia

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13
Q

What type of epithelium is respiratory epithelium

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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14
Q

What type of cells are found in respiratory epithelium

A

ciliated columnar cells
goblet cells
basal cells

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15
Q

This is a loose cognitive tissue layer containing blood vessels which warm the air and mucous glands

A

lamina propria

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16
Q

This is a connective tissue layer slightly denser than lamina propia containing blood vessels and glands

A

submucosa

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17
Q

This is composed of connective tissue that binds component to adjacent structures

A

adventitia

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18
Q

This connects nasal and oral cavities to larynx and esophagus and is a passageway for food and air

A

pharynx

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19
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the pharynx

A

respiratory epithelium

stratified squamous epithelium

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20
Q

What are the divisions of the pharynx

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

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21
Q

Which divisions of the pharynx are a food and air passageway? strictly an air passageway?

A

food and air = oropharynx and laryngopharynx

air only = nasopharynx

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22
Q

What type of tissue is found in the nasopharynx

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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23
Q

What type of tissue is found in the oropharynx and laryngopharyx

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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24
Q

This is a passageway for air between the laryngopharynx and trachea; conducts air and serves as the speech organ

A

larynx

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25
Q

What type of epithelium covers the larynx

A

respiratory epithelium

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26
Q

What type of epithelium covers the vocal cords and epiglottis

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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27
Q

What is the purpose of the cartilages of the larynx

A

maintaining open airway
sound production
valve during swallowing

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28
Q

What cartilages of the larynx are made out of hyaline cartilage

A

thyroid

cricoid

29
Q

What cartilages of the larynx are made out of elastic cartilage

A

epiglottis
cuneiform
corniculate

30
Q

What cartilage of the larynx is made out of both hyaline and elastic cartilage

A

arytenoid cartilages

31
Q

This is the short flexible air tube, 10 cm long

32
Q

What is used to keep the trachea patent (clear)

A

C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage; the C opens to the posterior

33
Q

How many C shaped cartilaginous rings are found in humans

34
Q

What does the tracheal cartilages and tracheal is muscle separate

A

submucosa from adventitia

35
Q

What does the trachea divide into at the end

A

two main (primary) bronchi

36
Q

What are the wall/layers of the trachea

A

mucosa
submucosa
cartilaginous layer with tracheal is muscle
adventitia

37
Q

What type of mucosa is found in the trachea

A

respiratory epithelium on a thick basement membrane

lamina propria with lots of elastic fibers

38
Q

What type of submucosa is found in the trachea

A

relatively loose connective tissue with submucosal glands

39
Q

What is the flow of air from the primary (main) bronchi

A

secondary (lobar) bronchi
tertiary (segmental) bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles

40
Q

As the conducting system branches and the diameter becomes smaller, what else happens

A

amount of cartilage decreases
amount of smooth muscle increases
height of lining epithelium increases

41
Q

What is the diameter of the bronchioles

A

1mm or less

42
Q

Which primary bronchi is shorter, wider, and more vertical therefore a place where objects are more likely to get aspirated into

A

right main bronchus

43
Q

Which lung has two lobar bronchi

44
Q

Which lung has three lobar bronchi

45
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segments (segmental bronchi) does the left lung have

46
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segments (segmental bronchi) does the right lung have

47
Q

What is special about the bronchopulmonary segments

A

They have their own blood supply and connective tissue septa; which makes it convenient for surgical resection of a segment

48
Q

As the bronchi enter the lungs, what happens to the cartilage rings

A

they are replaced by plates/slivers of hyaline cartilage and disappear when it becomes a bronchiole

49
Q

As the bronchi enter the lungs, what happens to the smooth muscle in the walls of the bronchi

A

it increases as cartilage disappears; forming a complete circumferential layer called the muscularis

50
Q

What happens to the pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells as diameter of the bronchi decreases

A

the height decreases

51
Q

What makes up the mucosa of the bronchi

A

respiratory epithelium; primary bronchi hace a basement membrane
lamina propria

52
Q

What is found in the submucosa of larger bronchi

53
Q

What changes does the epithelium undergo as it transitions into bronchioles

A

changes from ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium to ciliated simple columnar epithelium to ciliated simple cubodial epithelium

54
Q

These are present in the largest of bronchioles but not present in terminal bronchioles

A

goblet cells

55
Q

What type of epithelium lines the terminal bronchioles

A

ciliated simple cubodial epithelium

56
Q

The terminal bronchioles lead to what

A

respiratory bronchioles

57
Q

From the terminal bronchioles, where does the air flow

A

respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
alveoli

58
Q

Clara cells of the terminal bronchiole does what

A

secretes lipoprotein that prevents bronchiolar wall adhesion

59
Q

These are a small bundle of cubodial epithelium on a bundle of eosinophilic material, has both ciliated and clara cells

A

respiratory bronchiole

60
Q

These are elongated airways have almost no walls in a tube form; rings of smooth muscle are present in the knob-like interalveolar septa

A

alveolar ducts

61
Q

These are spaces surrounded by clusters of alveoli at the termination of the alveolar duct, a common opening of alveoli

A

alveolar sacs

62
Q

There are between 150-250 million per adult lung, each is approximately 0.2mm in diameter

63
Q

This type of alveolar cells are called alveolar surface epithelium cells; squamous cells; lines 95% of alveolar surface

A

type 1 alveolar cells

64
Q

These are called septal cells; cubodial cells; covering approx. 5% of alveolar surface

A

type 2 alveolar cells

65
Q

What does type 2 alveolar cells discharge

A

phospholipid called surfactant which keeps the alveoli from collapsing with successive exhalation

66
Q

These are known as dust cells, can be found in the connective tissue of septum and in the air space of alveoli; phagocytize inhaled particulate matter and RBCd

A

alveolar macrophages

67
Q

These compose the wall of capillary

A

endothelial cells

68
Q

These produce elastic fibers

A

fibroblasts

69
Q

What is the barrier of the respiratory membrane between the alveolus and blood of the capillary

A

surface lining and cytoplasm of the alveolar cells
fused basal laminae of the alveolar cells and capillary endothelial cells
cytoplasm of the endothelial cells

SP14 Anatomy (33 decks)

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