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SP14 Anatomy > EX2 Histology > Flashcards

EX2 Histology Flashcards

1
Q

These accessory digestive organs come in direct contact with food and help to physical break it down

A

tongue and teeth

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2
Q

These accessory digestive organs produce or store secretions that will reach the digestive tract via ducts; never in contact with food directly; chemical breakdown

A

salivary glands
pancreas
liver
gallbladder

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3
Q

True or False

Anything that is within the GI tract is “outside” of the body

A

True; it must pass by epithelium to be considered in the body

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4
Q

What are the four layers of the GI tract wall from the lumen outward

A

muscosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa or adventitia

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5
Q

What are the three layers of the mucosa

A

lining epithelium
lamina propria
muscularis mucosae

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6
Q

What two types of lining epithelium are there and where are they found

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous; found in the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and anus
simple columnar; found in the stomach, SI, and LI

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7
Q

Which type of lining epithelium is better for serving a protective role/barrier

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous

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8
Q

Which type of lining epithelium is better for secretion and absorption

A

simple columnar

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9
Q

The lamina propria is made up of what

A

loose (areolar) connective tissues

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10
Q

The muscularis mucosae is what type of muscle tissue

A

smooth muscle tissue

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11
Q

The submucosa is made up of what type of tissue and its purpose is what

A

dense irregular connective tissue; collagen
binds mucosa to muscularis externa
lymphoid tissues

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12
Q

The submucosa contains which plexus and what for

A

Meissner’s plexus providing innervation to secretory cells

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13
Q

The muscularis externa contains what two layers which work together to do what

A

inner circular layer
outer longitudinal layer
peristalsis

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14
Q

This layer of muscularis externa works to lengthen the GI tract, constricts the lumen, and can be thickened to form sphincters or valves

A

inner circular layer

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15
Q

This layer of muscularis externa runs along the length of the tract, dilates the lumen, and shortens the GI tract

A

outer longitudinal layer

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16
Q

This nerve plexus controls the muscularis externa

A

Myenteric nerve plexus (Auerbach’s plexus)

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17
Q

The serosa is made up of what type of tissues and is found where

A

mesothelium (simple squamous epithelium)
loose (areolar) connective tissue
found interperitoneal

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18
Q

The adventitia is made up of what tissue and is found where

A 
loose (areolar) connective tissue
found retroperitoneal (esophagus)
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19
Q

The esophagus has which type of lining epithelium

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous

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20
Q

The esophagus has what type of muscularis externa

A

proximal 1/3 –> skeletal muscle
middle 1/3 –> mix of smooth and skeletal
distal 1/3 –> smooth muscle

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21
Q

True or False

Serosa is found in the distal esophagus

A

True; adventita is found proximally

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22
Q

What are the two types of glands found in the esophagus

A

esophageal glands proper (submucosa)

esophageal cardiac glands (lamina propria)

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23
Q

Which gland is found in the distal esophagus

A

esophageal cardiac glands; protects against stomach acid

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24
Q

This is where the nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium changes to simple columnar

A

cardioesophageal junction

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25
What are the four subdivisions of the stomach
cardia fundus body pylorus
26
The stomach is responsible for the digestion of what type of macromolecules and the formation of what
carbs, lipids, and proteins | into chyme
27
True or False | The rugae allow for increased surface area for absorption
False; while the do increase the surface area, it allows for expansion
28
In the cardia of the stomach, the cardiac glands produce what
primarily mucous
29
In the fundus/body of the stomach, the gastric hands (fundic glands) produce what
HCl and pepsin
30
In the pylorus region of the stomach, the pylori hands produce what
primarily mucous
31
What type of lining epithelium is found in the stomach; and what is so special about it
simple columnar with surface mucous cells | it can invaginate into the lamina propria forming gastric pits which are the opening for different glands
32
What is so special about the muscularis externa in the stomach
it contains an additional inner oblique layer which aids in breakdown of the bollus
33
What are the three parts of the fundic gland
isthmus neck base
34
What are the five different types of cells found in a fundic gland
``` surface mucous cell mucous neck cell parietal cell (HCl and intrinsic factor) chief cell (pepsingoen and gastric lipase) G cell (gastrin) ```
35
True or False | The fundic gland contains stem cells
True; they are located in the isthmus
36
Where does absorption take place in the GI tract
roughly 10% of absorption is in the large intestine and stomach and the other 90% is in the small intestine
37
What macromolecule is absorbed in the small intestine and not in the stomach
nucleic acids
38
These are the circular folds in the small intestine with a submucosa core
plicae circulares
39
These are the fingerlike projections of mucosa in the small intestine
villi
40
These are projections of apical membrane of intestinal absorptive cells; striated border
microvilli
41
What two cell types are found in the epithelium of the small intestine
``` absorptive cells (enterocytes) goblet cells ```
42
These are tubular glands consisting of paneth cells, enteroendocrine cells, and stem cells
crypts of Lieberkühn (intestinal glands)
43
These cells are found at the base of the crypts of Lieberkühn and produce lysozyme and regulate normal microbiota
paneth cells
44
The submucosa of the small intestine (specifically the duodenum) contains what specialized gland
Brunner's glands; it neutralized chyme via an alkaline mucous
45
True or False | The majority of the stomach contains serosa
True; except for the retroperitoneal duodenum
46
In the ileum, groups of what are present in the lamina propria and submucosa and are referred to as what
lymphatic nodules | Peyer's patches
47
What type of cells overlay Peyer's patches
M (microfold) cells | involved with antigen presentation
48
True or False | The large intestine contains plicae circulars and villi
False; it does not contain those
49
Found in the large intestine, this is an outer muscularis externa layer that is gathered into bands
teniae coli
50
These are the pouches found in the large intestine
haustra
51
These are small fatty projection found on the large intestine
omental appendages
52
The large intestine's primary function is to what
continued breakdown and resorption via bacteria | synthesize vitamins
53
What type of epithelial cells lines the small and large intestines
simple columnar
54
The large intestine contains crypts of Lieberkühn; two main differences between these and those in the small intestine are what
the absorptive cells are called colonocytes | no paneth cells
55
What are the three parts of the pancreas
head, body, and tail
56
True or False | The pancreas is mostly an endocrine gland
False; it is 98-99% and exocrine gland (compound acinar gland)
57
The pancreas as an exocrine gland does what
secretes pancreatic juices (digestion of carbs, proteins, lipids, NAs); neutralizes chyme (bicarb)
58
The pancreas and an endocrine gland does what
Islets of Langerhans | secretes hormones; glucagon/insulin
59
The liver receives blood from what two sources
``` hepatic artery (oxygenatd blood) hepatic portal vein (deoxygenated blood with things to be filtered out such as toxins, microbes, nutrients, etc.) ```
60
This is the six-sided structure consisting of specialized cells called hepatocytes in plates surrounding a central vein
hepatic lobulues
61
The stacks of hepatocytes are one cell thick and surrounded by these
sinusoids; leaky capillaries
62
These are the largest cells lining the sinusoids and are phagocytotic
Kupffer cells
63
The microvilli of the hepatocytes extend into this space
space of Disse; space between the endothelial cells and hepatocytes
64
On each corer of the hexagonal hepatic lobule are what
portal triad; portal vein, hepatic artery, bile duct
65
This is used for the storage of bile and the release of it when it is needed for fast breakdown
gall bladder
66
This is very large in the gall bladder
muscularis externa; used for squeezing out bile

SP14 Anatomy (33 decks)

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