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SP14 Anatomy > EX2 Histology > Flashcards

EX2 Histology Flashcards

1
Q

These accessory digestive organs come in direct contact with food and help to physical break it down

A

tongue and teeth

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2
Q

These accessory digestive organs produce or store secretions that will reach the digestive tract via ducts; never in contact with food directly; chemical breakdown

A

salivary glands
pancreas
liver
gallbladder

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3
Q

True or False

Anything that is within the GI tract is “outside” of the body

A

True; it must pass by epithelium to be considered in the body

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4
Q

What are the four layers of the GI tract wall from the lumen outward

A

muscosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa or adventitia

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5
Q

What are the three layers of the mucosa

A

lining epithelium
lamina propria
muscularis mucosae

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6
Q

What two types of lining epithelium are there and where are they found

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous; found in the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and anus
simple columnar; found in the stomach, SI, and LI

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7
Q

Which type of lining epithelium is better for serving a protective role/barrier

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous

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8
Q

Which type of lining epithelium is better for secretion and absorption

A

simple columnar

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9
Q

The lamina propria is made up of what

A

loose (areolar) connective tissues

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10
Q

The muscularis mucosae is what type of muscle tissue

A

smooth muscle tissue

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11
Q

The submucosa is made up of what type of tissue and its purpose is what

A

dense irregular connective tissue; collagen
binds mucosa to muscularis externa
lymphoid tissues

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12
Q

The submucosa contains which plexus and what for

A

Meissner’s plexus providing innervation to secretory cells

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13
Q

The muscularis externa contains what two layers which work together to do what

A

inner circular layer
outer longitudinal layer
peristalsis

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14
Q

This layer of muscularis externa works to lengthen the GI tract, constricts the lumen, and can be thickened to form sphincters or valves

A

inner circular layer

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15
Q

This layer of muscularis externa runs along the length of the tract, dilates the lumen, and shortens the GI tract

A

outer longitudinal layer

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16
Q

This nerve plexus controls the muscularis externa

A

Myenteric nerve plexus (Auerbach’s plexus)

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17
Q

The serosa is made up of what type of tissues and is found where

A

mesothelium (simple squamous epithelium)
loose (areolar) connective tissue
found interperitoneal

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18
Q

The adventitia is made up of what tissue and is found where

A 
loose (areolar) connective tissue
found retroperitoneal (esophagus)
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19
Q

The esophagus has which type of lining epithelium

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous

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20
Q

The esophagus has what type of muscularis externa

A

proximal 1/3 –> skeletal muscle
middle 1/3 –> mix of smooth and skeletal
distal 1/3 –> smooth muscle

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21
Q

True or False

Serosa is found in the distal esophagus

A

True; adventita is found proximally

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22
Q

What are the two types of glands found in the esophagus

A

esophageal glands proper (submucosa)

esophageal cardiac glands (lamina propria)

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23
Q

Which gland is found in the distal esophagus

A

esophageal cardiac glands; protects against stomach acid

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24
Q

This is where the nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium changes to simple columnar

A

cardioesophageal junction

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25
Q

What are the four subdivisions of the stomach

A

cardia
fundus
body
pylorus

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26
Q

The stomach is responsible for the digestion of what type of macromolecules and the formation of what

A

carbs, lipids, and proteins

into chyme

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27
Q

True or False

The rugae allow for increased surface area for absorption

A

False; while the do increase the surface area, it allows for expansion

28
Q

In the cardia of the stomach, the cardiac glands produce what

A

primarily mucous

29
Q

In the fundus/body of the stomach, the gastric hands (fundic glands) produce what

A

HCl and pepsin

30
Q

In the pylorus region of the stomach, the pylori hands produce what

A

primarily mucous

31
Q

What type of lining epithelium is found in the stomach; and what is so special about it

A

simple columnar with surface mucous cells

it can invaginate into the lamina propria forming gastric pits which are the opening for different glands

32
Q

What is so special about the muscularis externa in the stomach

A

it contains an additional inner oblique layer which aids in breakdown of the bollus

33
Q

What are the three parts of the fundic gland

A

isthmus
neck
base

34
Q

What are the five different types of cells found in a fundic gland

A 
surface mucous cell
mucous neck cell
parietal cell (HCl and intrinsic factor)
chief cell (pepsingoen and gastric lipase)
G cell (gastrin)
35
Q

True or False

The fundic gland contains stem cells

A

True; they are located in the isthmus

36
Q

Where does absorption take place in the GI tract

A

roughly 10% of absorption is in the large intestine and stomach and the other 90% is in the small intestine

37
Q

What macromolecule is absorbed in the small intestine and not in the stomach

A

nucleic acids

38
Q

These are the circular folds in the small intestine with a submucosa core

A

plicae circulares

39
Q

These are the fingerlike projections of mucosa in the small intestine

A

villi

40
Q

These are projections of apical membrane of intestinal absorptive cells; striated border

A

microvilli

41
Q

What two cell types are found in the epithelium of the small intestine

A 
absorptive cells (enterocytes)
goblet cells
42
Q

These are tubular glands consisting of paneth cells, enteroendocrine cells, and stem cells

A

crypts of Lieberkühn (intestinal glands)

43
Q

These cells are found at the base of the crypts of Lieberkühn and produce lysozyme and regulate normal microbiota

A

paneth cells

44
Q

The submucosa of the small intestine (specifically the duodenum) contains what specialized gland

A

Brunner’s glands; it neutralized chyme via an alkaline mucous

45
Q

True or False

The majority of the stomach contains serosa

A

True; except for the retroperitoneal duodenum

46
Q

In the ileum, groups of what are present in the lamina propria and submucosa and are referred to as what

A

lymphatic nodules

Peyer’s patches

47
Q

What type of cells overlay Peyer’s patches

A

M (microfold) cells

involved with antigen presentation

48
Q

True or False

The large intestine contains plicae circulars and villi

A

False; it does not contain those

49
Q

Found in the large intestine, this is an outer muscularis externa layer that is gathered into bands

A

teniae coli

50
Q

These are the pouches found in the large intestine

A

haustra

51
Q

These are small fatty projection found on the large intestine

A

omental appendages

52
Q

The large intestine’s primary function is to what

A

continued breakdown and resorption via bacteria

synthesize vitamins

53
Q

What type of epithelial cells lines the small and large intestines

A

simple columnar

54
Q

The large intestine contains crypts of Lieberkühn; two main differences between these and those in the small intestine are what

A

the absorptive cells are called colonocytes

no paneth cells

55
Q

What are the three parts of the pancreas

A

head, body, and tail

56
Q

True or False

The pancreas is mostly an endocrine gland

A

False; it is 98-99% and exocrine gland (compound acinar gland)

57
Q

The pancreas as an exocrine gland does what

A

secretes pancreatic juices (digestion of carbs, proteins, lipids, NAs); neutralizes chyme (bicarb)

58
Q

The pancreas and an endocrine gland does what

A

Islets of Langerhans

secretes hormones; glucagon/insulin

59
Q

The liver receives blood from what two sources

A 
hepatic artery (oxygenatd blood)
hepatic portal vein (deoxygenated blood with things to be filtered out such as toxins, microbes, nutrients, etc.)
60
Q

This is the six-sided structure consisting of specialized cells called hepatocytes in plates surrounding a central vein

A

hepatic lobulues

61
Q

The stacks of hepatocytes are one cell thick and surrounded by these

A

sinusoids; leaky capillaries

62
Q

These are the largest cells lining the sinusoids and are phagocytotic

A

Kupffer cells

63
Q

The microvilli of the hepatocytes extend into this space

A

space of Disse; space between the endothelial cells and hepatocytes

64
Q

On each corer of the hexagonal hepatic lobule are what

A

portal triad; portal vein, hepatic artery, bile duct

65
Q

This is used for the storage of bile and the release of it when it is needed for fast breakdown

A

gall bladder

66
Q

This is very large in the gall bladder

A

muscularis externa; used for squeezing out bile

SP14 Anatomy (33 decks)

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