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SP14 Anatomy > EX3 Histology - Endocrine System > Flashcards

EX3 Histology - Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

This type of gland secretes onto a surface; either directly or through a duct

A

exocrine

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2
Q

This type of gland secretes internally; ductless glands; secretes hormones; primarily uses cardiovascular system for distribution

A

endocrine

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3
Q

What are the two types of hormones

A

circulating hormones

local hormones

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4
Q

What are the two types of local hormones

A

paracrine

autocrine

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5
Q

In this type of feedback; the more I produce the less I do

A

negative feedback

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6
Q

This is the main visceral control center for the body “command center for the endocrine system”

A

hypothalmas

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7
Q

The hypothalmus regulated what

A 
body temperature
food intake
water balance/thirst
sleep/wake cycles
sexual behavior
endocrine functioning
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8
Q

What is the hypothalmus vital for maintaining

A

homeostasis

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9
Q

The hypothalms is a major link between what two systems

A

endocrine and nervous

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10
Q

The hypothalmus produces how many hormones

A

9; 7 anterior and 2 posterior which affect the anterior pituitary

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11
Q

How is the hypothalmus and pituitary gland connected

A

via the infundibulum

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12
Q

This is known as the “master gland for the endocrine system”

A

pituitary gland (hypophysis)

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13
Q

What are the three parts of the anterior pituitary

A

pars distalis
pars intermedia
pars tuberalis

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14
Q

this is the bulk of the anterior pituitary; cords of epithelial cells interspersed with fenestrated capillaries

A

pars distalis

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15
Q

This surrounds a series of colloid filled follicles that represent the residual lumen of rathke’s pouch

A

pars intermedia

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16
Q

This forms a collar or sheath around the infundibulum

A

pars tuberalis

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17
Q

This part of the anterior pituitary develops from the anterior wall of Rathke’s pouch

A

pars distalis

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18
Q

This part of the anterior pituitary develops from the thin remnant of posterior wall of Rathke’s pouch

A

pars intermedia

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19
Q

This part of the anterior pituitary develops from the thickened lateral walls of Rathke’s pouch

A

pars tuberalis

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20
Q

In which part of the anterior pituitary would you find basophilic gonadotrophic cells

A

pars tuberalis

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21
Q

What are the two parts of the posterior pituitary gland

A

pars nervosa

infundibulum

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22
Q

This is the part of the posterior pituitary where the neurosecretory axons and their endings lie

A

pars nervosa

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23
Q

This is the part of the posterior pituitary containing neurosecretory axons formed the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

A

infundibulum

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24
Q

What is the embryological origin of the pituitary

A

oral ectoderm outpocketing (Rathke’s pouch)

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25
Q

What is the embryological origin of the infudibulum

A

closing in of the lateral walls of the neurohypophyseal busd

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26
Q

The anterior lobe of the pituitary develops from where

A

the roof of the mouth

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27
Q

Regulating hormones acting upon the anterior lobe of the pituitary reach the anterior lobe via which system

A

hypothalamo-hpophyseal portal system

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28
Q

What are the four steps in the control of the anterior pituitary via the hypothalams

A
  1. neurosecretory neurons in the hypothalamus synthesize the hypothalamic releasing and inhibitory hormones in their cell body
  2. These hypothalmic hormones travel down the axon to the terminals and exit via exocytosis
  3. They diffuse into the hypophyseal portal system at primary plexus of hypophyseal portal system (fenestrated capillaries)
  4. Then pass from primary plexus to hypophyseal portal veins into secondary plexus bringing the hormones directly to the pars distalis
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29
Q

What are the two groups of secretory cells in the pars distalis

A

chromophils

chromophobes

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30
Q

What are the two types of chromophils

A

basophils

acidophils

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31
Q

In this type of cell, the hormone is stored in cytoplasmic granules

A

chromophils

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32
Q

This type of cell are undifferentiated stem-like cells and are clear

A

chromophobes

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33
Q

Gonadotropic, corticotropic, and thyrotropic cells are all what type of secretory cell

A

basophils

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34
Q

Somatotropic and mammotropic cells are what type of secretory cell

A

acidophils

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35
Q

This is an acidophil secreted by somatotrophs

A

human-growth-hormone (hGH)

36
Q

This is a basophil secreted by thyrotrophs

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

37
Q

These are basophils secreted by gonadtrophs

A 
follicle-stimulaing hormone (FSH)
luteinizing hormone (LH)
38
Q

This is an acidophil secreted by lactrotrophs

A

prolactin (PRL)

39
Q

These are basophils secreted by corticotrophs

A 
adrenocorticotrphic hormone (ACTH)
melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
40
Q

50% of what are chromophobes

A

pars distalis

41
Q

This is the growth hormone-inhibiting hormone, secreted by somatotrophs and thyrotrophs

A

somatostatin

42
Q

Corticotrophs and lactotrophs secrete this inhibitory hormone

A

dopamine

43
Q

Prolactin acts upon which “organ”

A

mammary glands and testes

44
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone acts upon this organ

A

adrenal cortex

45
Q

growth hormone acts upon which organs

A 
body tissues
BONE
muscle
adipose
*liver; insulin-like growth factor
46
Q

follicle stimulating hormone acts upon this organ

A

gonads (testes and ovaries)

47
Q

melanocyte-stimulating hormone acts upon this “organ”

A

melanocytes in the epidermis

48
Q

True or False

The posterior pituitary does not synthesize hormones, but rather stores and releases two of them

A

True

49
Q

What is the main component of the posterior pituitary

A

pars nervosa

50
Q

This contains the axons and axon terminals of hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons, along with fibroblasts, mast cells, and pituicytes

A

pars nervosa

51
Q

These are a type of glial cells, resembling the actrocyte that associates with fenestrated capillaries; many branches and pigmented vesicles, round/oval nuclei

A

pituicytes

52
Q

What are the two hormones that are released from the posterior pituitary

A 
ocytocin
antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)
53
Q

Where is oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone synthezised

A

within the cell bodies of the neurosecretory neurons in the hypothalamus

54
Q

What type of cells are the hormones stored in, prior to secretion, in the posterior pituitary in the avon terminal

A

Herring bodies (neurosecretory bodies)

55
Q

This hormone stimulated the contraction of smooth muscle cells during childbirth and in milk ejection

A

oxytocin

56
Q

This hormone conserved body water

A

antidiuretic hormone

57
Q

What are the two parts of the adrenal gland

A

cortex

medulla

58
Q

This part of the adrenal gland makes up 80-90% of the gland and the steroid secreting cells

A

cortex

59
Q

This part of the adrenal gland is centrally located and contains catecholamine-secreting cells

A

medulla

60
Q

What are the three regions of the adrenal cortex

A

zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis

61
Q

This region of the adrenal cortex secretes androgens; dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

A

zona reticularis

62
Q

This region of the adrenal cortex secretes mineralocorticoid hormones; aldosterone

A

zona glomerulosa

63
Q

This region of the adrenal cortex secretes glucocorticoid hormones; cortisol

A

zona fasciculata

64
Q

This region of the adrenal gland secretes catecholamines; epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

adrenal medulla

65
Q

This is a modified sympathetic ganglion of the ANS, with modified neurons (chromaffin cells) which cluster around blood vessels

A

adrenal medulla

66
Q

chromaffin cells are controlled by what

A

sympathetic preganglionic neurons, which allow for release of hormones via exocytosis

67
Q

This component of the pancreas synthesizes and secretes hormones

A

islets of Langerhans (endocrine)

68
Q

Where do you find the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas

A

throughout but most numerous in the tail

69
Q

What are the three principle cells of the islets of Langerhans

A

Beta (B)
Alpha (A)
Delta (D)

70
Q

These cells make of 70% of the islet, synthesize and secrete insulin, found in the center of the islet

A

beta cells

71
Q

These cells make 17% of the islet, synthesize and secrete glucagon, found in the periphery of the islet

A

alpha cells

72
Q

These cells make up 7% of the islet, synthesize and secrete somatostatin, found towards the periphery of the islet

A

delta cells

73
Q

This lowers blood glucose level as it signals for an acceleration of glucose transport into cells and the conversion of the glucose into glycogen

A

insulin

74
Q

This raises blood glucose level as it signals for the breakdown of glycogen into glucose in the liver

A

glucagon

75
Q

This inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion

A

somatostatin

76
Q

These cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide, located near duodenum

A

F cells

77
Q

Thyroid hormones are produced by what type of thyroid gland cell

A 
thyroid follicles (follicular cells)
filled with a gel-like mass of thyroglobulin
78
Q

What are the thyroid hormones

A

thyroxine

tri-idothyronine

79
Q

What are the thyroid hormones important for

A

growth, cell differentiation, and control of metabolic rate and oxygen consumption of body cells

80
Q

These cells are ground in the thyroid gland and responsible for the production of calcitonin (CT)

A

parafollicular cells

81
Q

Calcitonin works to do what

A

decrease the level of calcium in the blood by building bone and inhibiting osteoclasts

82
Q

This system controls the secretion of calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

A

negative feedback;

high blood calcium stimulates secretion of calcitonin inhibits PTH

83
Q

What are the two types of cells in the parathyroid gland

A

chief cells

oxyphil cells

84
Q

These cells produce parathyroid hormone, small, numerous cells, slightly acidic

A

chief cells

85
Q

These cells have an unknown function, very acidiophilic cytoplasm, common in old people

A

oxyphil cells

86
Q

Parathyroid hormone works to do what

A

increase the level of calcium in the blood by stimulating osteoclases to resorb bone which releases calcium

SP14 Anatomy (33 decks)

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