EX3 Histology - Endocrine System Flashcards by Courtney Kast

This type of gland secretes onto a surface; either directly or through a duct

exocrine

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This type of gland secretes internally; ductless glands; secretes hormones; primarily uses cardiovascular system for distribution

endocrine

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What are the two types of hormones

circulating hormones

local hormones

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What are the two types of local hormones

paracrine

autocrine

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In this type of feedback; the more I produce the less I do

negative feedback

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This is the main visceral control center for the body “command center for the endocrine system”

hypothalmas

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The hypothalmus regulated what

body temperature
food intake
water balance/thirst
sleep/wake cycles
sexual behavior
endocrine functioning

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What is the hypothalmus vital for maintaining

homeostasis

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The hypothalms is a major link between what two systems

endocrine and nervous

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The hypothalmus produces how many hormones

9; 7 anterior and 2 posterior which affect the anterior pituitary

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How is the hypothalmus and pituitary gland connected

via the infundibulum

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This is known as the “master gland for the endocrine system”

pituitary gland (hypophysis)

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What are the three parts of the anterior pituitary

pars distalis
pars intermedia
pars tuberalis

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this is the bulk of the anterior pituitary; cords of epithelial cells interspersed with fenestrated capillaries

pars distalis

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This surrounds a series of colloid filled follicles that represent the residual lumen of rathke’s pouch

pars intermedia

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This forms a collar or sheath around the infundibulum

pars tuberalis

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This part of the anterior pituitary develops from the anterior wall of Rathke’s pouch

pars distalis

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This part of the anterior pituitary develops from the thin remnant of posterior wall of Rathke’s pouch

pars intermedia

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This part of the anterior pituitary develops from the thickened lateral walls of Rathke’s pouch

pars tuberalis

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In which part of the anterior pituitary would you find basophilic gonadotrophic cells

pars tuberalis

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What are the two parts of the posterior pituitary gland

pars nervosa

infundibulum

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This is the part of the posterior pituitary where the neurosecretory axons and their endings lie

pars nervosa

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This is the part of the posterior pituitary containing neurosecretory axons formed the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

infundibulum

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What is the embryological origin of the pituitary

oral ectoderm outpocketing (Rathke’s pouch)

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What is the embryological origin of the infudibulum

closing in of the lateral walls of the neurohypophyseal busd

The anterior lobe of the pituitary develops from where

the roof of the mouth

Regulating hormones acting upon the anterior lobe of the pituitary reach the anterior lobe via which system

hypothalamo-hpophyseal portal system

What are the four steps in the control of the anterior pituitary via the hypothalams

1. neurosecretory neurons in the hypothalamus synthesize the hypothalamic releasing and inhibitory hormones in their cell body 2. These hypothalmic hormones travel down the axon to the terminals and exit via exocytosis 3. They diffuse into the hypophyseal portal system at primary plexus of hypophyseal portal system (fenestrated capillaries) 4. Then pass from primary plexus to hypophyseal portal veins into secondary plexus bringing the hormones directly to the pars distalis

What are the two groups of secretory cells in the pars distalis

chromophils | chromophobes

What are the two types of chromophils

basophils | acidophils

In this type of cell, the hormone is stored in cytoplasmic granules

chromophils

This type of cell are undifferentiated stem-like cells and are clear

chromophobes

Gonadotropic, corticotropic, and thyrotropic cells are all what type of secretory cell

basophils

Somatotropic and mammotropic cells are what type of secretory cell

acidophils

This is an acidophil secreted by somatotrophs

human-growth-hormone (hGH)

This is a basophil secreted by thyrotrophs

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

These are basophils secreted by gonadtrophs

``` follicle-stimulaing hormone (FSH) luteinizing hormone (LH) ```

This is an acidophil secreted by lactrotrophs

prolactin (PRL)

These are basophils secreted by corticotrophs

``` adrenocorticotrphic hormone (ACTH) melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) ```

50% of what are chromophobes

pars distalis

This is the growth hormone-inhibiting hormone, secreted by somatotrophs and thyrotrophs

somatostatin

Corticotrophs and lactotrophs secrete this inhibitory hormone

dopamine

Prolactin acts upon which "organ"

mammary glands and testes

adrenocorticotropic hormone acts upon this organ

adrenal cortex

growth hormone acts upon which organs

``` body tissues BONE muscle adipose *liver; insulin-like growth factor ```

follicle stimulating hormone acts upon this organ

gonads (testes and ovaries)

melanocyte-stimulating hormone acts upon this "organ"

melanocytes in the epidermis

True or False | The posterior pituitary does not synthesize hormones, but rather stores and releases two of them

True

What is the main component of the posterior pituitary

pars nervosa

This contains the axons and axon terminals of hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons, along with fibroblasts, mast cells, and pituicytes

pars nervosa

These are a type of glial cells, resembling the actrocyte that associates with fenestrated capillaries; many branches and pigmented vesicles, round/oval nuclei

pituicytes

What are the two hormones that are released from the posterior pituitary

``` ocytocin antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) ```

Where is oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone synthezised

within the cell bodies of the neurosecretory neurons in the hypothalamus

What type of cells are the hormones stored in, prior to secretion, in the posterior pituitary in the avon terminal

Herring bodies (neurosecretory bodies)

This hormone stimulated the contraction of smooth muscle cells during childbirth and in milk ejection

oxytocin

This hormone conserved body water

antidiuretic hormone

What are the two parts of the adrenal gland

cortex | medulla

This part of the adrenal gland makes up 80-90% of the gland and the steroid secreting cells

cortex

This part of the adrenal gland is centrally located and contains catecholamine-secreting cells

medulla

What are the three regions of the adrenal cortex

zona glomerulosa zona fasciculata zona reticularis

This region of the adrenal cortex secretes androgens; dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

zona reticularis

This region of the adrenal cortex secretes mineralocorticoid hormones; aldosterone

zona glomerulosa

This region of the adrenal cortex secretes glucocorticoid hormones; cortisol

zona fasciculata

This region of the adrenal gland secretes catecholamines; epinephrine and norepinephrine

adrenal medulla

This is a modified sympathetic ganglion of the ANS, with modified neurons (chromaffin cells) which cluster around blood vessels

adrenal medulla

chromaffin cells are controlled by what

sympathetic preganglionic neurons, which allow for release of hormones via exocytosis

This component of the pancreas synthesizes and secretes hormones

islets of Langerhans (endocrine)

Where do you find the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas

throughout but most numerous in the tail

What are the three principle cells of the islets of Langerhans

Beta (B) Alpha (A) Delta (D)

These cells make of 70% of the islet, synthesize and secrete insulin, found in the center of the islet

beta cells

These cells make 17% of the islet, synthesize and secrete glucagon, found in the periphery of the islet

alpha cells

These cells make up 7% of the islet, synthesize and secrete somatostatin, found towards the periphery of the islet

delta cells

This lowers blood glucose level as it signals for an acceleration of glucose transport into cells and the conversion of the glucose into glycogen

insulin

This raises blood glucose level as it signals for the breakdown of glycogen into glucose in the liver

glucagon

This inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion

somatostatin

These cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide, located near duodenum

F cells

Thyroid hormones are produced by what type of thyroid gland cell

``` thyroid follicles (follicular cells) filled with a gel-like mass of thyroglobulin ```

What are the thyroid hormones

thyroxine | tri-idothyronine

What are the thyroid hormones important for

growth, cell differentiation, and control of metabolic rate and oxygen consumption of body cells

These cells are ground in the thyroid gland and responsible for the production of calcitonin (CT)

parafollicular cells

Calcitonin works to do what

decrease the level of calcium in the blood by building bone and inhibiting osteoclasts

This system controls the secretion of calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

negative feedback; | high blood calcium stimulates secretion of calcitonin inhibits PTH

What are the two types of cells in the parathyroid gland

chief cells | oxyphil cells

These cells produce parathyroid hormone, small, numerous cells, slightly acidic

chief cells

These cells have an unknown function, very acidiophilic cytoplasm, common in old people

oxyphil cells

Parathyroid hormone works to do what

increase the level of calcium in the blood by stimulating osteoclases to resorb bone which releases calcium