EX3 Neuro - Reticular Formation and Cerebellum

Question 1

Where are the raphe nuclei located

Answer 1

midbrain
pons
medulla
- medial nuclei of reticular formation

Question 2

Where do midbrain raphe nuclei project

Answer 2

cerebral cortex

Question 3

Where do pontine and medullar raphe nuclei project

Answer 3

spinal cord

Question 4

Where does the nucleus rape magnus project

Answer 4

spinal cord

Question 5

What neurotransmitter is associated with the raphe nuclei

Answer 5

serotonin; to supress pain

Question 6

Where is the raphe spinal tract located

Answer 6

begins at dorsal raphe nucleus, decussates at midbrain

Question 7

Where does the raphe spinal tract project

Answer 7

synapses on interneurons in lamina I, II, V of spinal cord

Question 8

What is the relationship between the periaqueductal gray and pain control

Answer 8

it receives and inhibits pain signals

Question 9

What is the relationship between the PAG and motor behavior

Answer 9

regulates heart/respiration rates

initiates defensive and reproductive behaviors

Question 10

What is the major source of input to the PAG

Answer 10

ascending sensory system

descending signals from limbic system

Question 11

Where is the locus ceruleus

Answer 11

located between base cerebellar attachment point and rostral pons “brain watchtower”

Question 12

What is the input to the locus ceruleus

Answer 12

afferents from hypothalamus (also cingulate gyrus, amygdala)

Question 13

What are the targets of the neurons that make up the locus ceruleus

Answer 13

excitatory effect on most of the brain

Question 14

What is the neurotransmitter associated with locus ceruleus and its effect

Answer 14

norepinephrine; pain inhibition

Question 15

Where is the ventral tegmental area locate

Answer 15

floor of midbrain tegmentum

Question 16

What are the two major tracts that arise from the ventral tegmental area

Answer 16

mesocortico fibers; to frontal cortex

mesolimbic fibers; to nuclus accumbens and striatum

Question 17

What is the neurotransmitter associated with the ventral tegmental area and its effect

Answer 17

dopamine; DO things

reward, pleasure, euphoria

Question 18

The ascending reticular activating system controls what

Answer 18

sleep and wakefulness

Question 19

How does the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum control sleep and wakefulness

Answer 19

via sending acetylcholine to hypothalamus which promotes wakefulness and to the cortex to maintain wakefulness

Question 20

How does the hypothalamus control sleep and wakefulness

Answer 20

when the anterior hypothalamus is active = sleep

inactive = awake

Question 21

What is the switch from asleep to awake

Answer 21

lateral hypothalamus; it maintains being awake

Question 22

What three things are connected via the sleep - wake cycle

Answer 22

locus ceruleus
raphe nuclei
pontine tegmenum

Question 23

What cavity of the skull is the cerebellum found

Answer 23

posterior cranial fossa

Question 24

What is the primary function of the cerebellum

Answer 24

motor coordination; output of motor cortex and motor nuclei

Question 25

These are the cells that contain the only axon that leaves the cortex aiming for the cerebellar nucleus

Answer 25

Purkinje cells

Question 26

These fibers arise from spinal cord and brainstem sensory pathway relaying signals from proprioceptive receptors

Answer 26

mossy fibers

Question 27

These are excitatory cells that give rise to parallel fibers

Answer 27

granular cells

Question 28

These cells lie in one layer, perpendicular to the parallel fibers

Answer 28

Purkinje cells

Question 29

Activation of granular cells (via mossy fibers) produce what

Answer 29

simple spikes from Purkinje cells of which are inhibitory (GABA)

Question 30

What causes Purkinje cells to produce complex spikes

Answer 30

climbing fibers from the inferior olive

Question 31

What are the three peduncles that connect the cerebellum with the brainstem

Answer 31

superior cerebellar middle cerebellar inferior cerebellar

Question 32

The superior peduncle carries fibers which direction in regards to the cerebellum

Answer 32

out (and in)

Question 33

The middle peduncle carries fibers in which direction in regards to the cerebellum

Answer 33

in

Question 34

The inferior cerebellar peduncle carries fibers in which direction in regards to the cerebellum

Answer 34

in (and out)

Question 35

What sensation is carried in the spinocerebellar tract

Answer 35

joint and limb location

Question 36

What are the three physiological subdivisions of the cerebellum

Answer 36

vestibulocerebellum spinocerebellum pontocerebellum

Question 37

What does the vestibulocerebellum correlate to regarding anatomical subdivisions

Answer 37

flocculonodular lobe | fastgial nucleus

Question 38

What does the spinocerebellum correlate to regarding anatomical subdivisions

Answer 38

paranormal area | interposed nucleus

Question 39

What does the pontocerebellum correlate to regarding anatomical subdivisions

Answer 39

lateral hemisphere | dentate nucleus

Question 40

The motor cortex does what in the CTCC loop

Answer 40

send out two signals to do a certain action (raise big toe 1 cm)

Question 41

The first signal from the motor cortex in the CTCC loop goes where

Answer 41

to the spinal cord and spinal musculaure to move the intended target

Question 42

The second signal from the motor cortex in the CTCC loop goes where

Answer 42

to the pons, then cerebellum; essentially waiting for the propioception response

Question 43

Once the cerebellum (CTCC) receives the propioception response, what happens

Answer 43

modifications are made if need be; sending signals to the thalamus then to motor cortex again and out once more

Question 44

The olivo-cerebellar loop is responsible for what

Answer 44

control the timing over short-term activation of the climbing fibers from inferior olive "error or teaching" signal

Question 45

A flocculonodular lobe lesion affects which cerebellar region

Answer 45

vestibulocerebellar tract

Question 46

What is the result of a flocculonodular lobe lesion

Answer 46

nystagmus; back and forth eye movements (slowly in one direction, fast in the other) truncal ataxia; disturbances in balance while seated "inabilty to follow finger"

Question 47

A paravermal/vermal lesion will affect which cerebellar region

Answer 47

spinocerebellar tract

Question 48

What is the result of a paraverma/vermal lesion

Answer 48

stance and gait ataxia | "inability to walk white line"

Question 49

A lesion of the lateral hemisphere affects which cerebellar region

Answer 49

pontoerebellar tract

Question 50

What is the result of a lesion of the lateral hemisphere

Answer 50

involvement of arm and speech intention tremors dysmetria "finger-to-nose" failure (too far or too short) dysarthria;explosive or slurred speech

Question 51

What does the martini do to the olive?

Answer 51

Increased activity in inferior olive with tremors | Dysfunction of electrical synapses in inferior olive