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SP14 Anatomy > Final Histo - Circulatory System > Flashcards

Final Histo - Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the heart wall contain

A 
cardiac muscle
fibrous skeleton
intrinsic conduction system
coronary vasculature
serous membrane
endothelial cells and underlying connective tissue
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2
Q

What makes up the fibrous skeleton of the heart

A

four fibrous rings surrounding valve orifices
two fibrous trigones connecting rings
membranous portion of inter ventricular and interatrial septa

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3
Q

What tissue makes up the fibrous rings surrounding the valve orifices

A

dense irregular connective tissue

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4
Q

This is the outer layer; visceral layer of serous pericardium

A

epicardium

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5
Q

This is the middle layer; composed primarily of cardiac muscle, also contains the fibrous skeleton of the heart

A

myocardium

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6
Q

This is the inner layer of the heart wall

A

endocardium

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7
Q

What are the three components of the endocardium

A

endothelial cells
underlying dense connective tissue and smooth muscle
connective tissue

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8
Q

This is the inner layer of the endocardium

A

endothelial cells

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9
Q

This is the middle layer of the endocardium

A

underlying layer of dense connective tissue and smooth muscle cells

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10
Q

This is the deep layer of the endocardium

A

connective tissue containing the intrinsic conduction system

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11
Q

This is the “sac” surrounding the beginning and end of the heart and great vessels

A

pericardium

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12
Q

What type of tissue are the valves covered in

A

connective tissue with overlying endothelium

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13
Q

This is loose connective tissue covered in endothelium on atrial or blood vessels side of vavlue

A

spongiosa

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14
Q

What is the function of the spongiosa

A

shick absorber; it contains loosely arranged collagen and elastic fibers infiltrated with proteoglycans

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15
Q

This is the core of a valve; contains fibrous extensions from the dense irregular connective tissue of skeletal rings

A

fibrosa

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16
Q

This is the dense connective tissue with layers of elastic fibers covered in endothelium; adjacent to ventricular side of the valve

A

ventricularis

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17
Q

What is special about the cardiac muscle of the heart

A

it is able to depolarize and contract without impulses from the nervous system, due to the intrinsic cardiac conduction system

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18
Q

What type of cell is the intrinsic cardiac conduction system composed of

A

the 1% non contractile cardiac cells called cardiac conducting cells or auto rhythmic cells

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19
Q

How are the auto rhythmic cells organized

A

into nodes and highly specialized conducting fibers/tracts called Purkinje fibers

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20
Q

What are auto rhythmic cells responsible for

A

the initiation and distribution of impulses throughout the heart

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21
Q

What is the rate of the intrinsic cardiac muscle contraction controlled by

A

it is set by the pacemaker cell and is altered by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system as well as hormones

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22
Q

These modified cardiac muscle cells are found in the SA and AV nodes and are smaller than surrounding atrial contractile cardiac cells; contain fewer myofibrils and lack intercalated discs

A

nodal cardiac cells

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23
Q

These modified cardiac muscle cells are found in the AV bundle, bundle branches, and sub endothelial branches and are larger than the surrounding ventricular contractile cells

A

purkinje fibers

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24
Q

Purkinje cells contains what in their periphery and what is different about their nuclei

A

contain myofibrils at periphery

nuclei are round and larger than nuclei of regular cardiac fibers

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25
Q

What is specifically found in the Purkinje fibers

A

large amounts of glycogen

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26
Q

What are the three layers of blood vessels

A

tunica interna or tunica intima
tunica media
tunica externa or tunica adventitia

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27
Q

What are the three parts of the tunica interna

A

endothelium
basal lamina
subendothelial layer

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28
Q

This is the internal elastic membrane of arteries and some arterioles; part of the tunica interna

A

subendothelial layer

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29
Q

This contains rings of smooth muscle cells responsible for vasoconstriction and vasodilation; can also contain sheets or lamellae or laminae of elastin

A

tunica media

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30
Q

This is found in larger vessels and contains the vasa vasorum (vessels of the vessel) and nervi vascularis

A

tunica externa or tunica adventitia

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31
Q

In cross section, which vessel looks more open and which one looks more collapsed

A 
arteries = open
veins = collapsed
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32
Q

In arteries, which layers is the thickest

A

tunica media

33
Q

In veins, which layer is the thickest

A

tunica externa

34
Q

These are the largest diameter arteries (greater than 10mm)

A

elastic or conducting arteries (large)

35
Q

What do the large artery wall contain

A

large amount of elastic fibers which allow for it to expand and recoil propelling blood onward and as a pressure reserve

36
Q

These are the medium sized arteries (2-10mm)

A

muscular or distributing arteries (medium)

37
Q

What do the walls of the medium sized arteries contain

A

large amounts of smooth muscle important for regulating blood flow, those in a circular orientation are responsible for vasoconstriction and vasodilation

38
Q

These are arteries 0.1mm to 2mm in diameter with as many as eight layers of smooth muscle

A

small arteries

39
Q

These are arteries with the smallest diameter 10µm to 100µm; only one or two layers of smooth muscle

A

arterioles

40
Q

This layer of the large arteries has an inconspicuous internal elastic membrane

A

tunica intima

41
Q

This layer of the large arteries is the thickest and contains multiple layers of smooth muscle separated by elastic lamellae

A

tunica media

42
Q

This layer of the large arteries is thin and may contain a vasa vasorum and nervi vascularis

A

tunica adventitia

43
Q

This layer of the medium arteries is thinner than they of the large arteries and has a prominent internal elastic layer

A

tunica interna

44
Q

This layer of the medium arteries is the thickest layer consisting of almost entirely of smooth muscle cells separated by elastic material; has a prominent eternal elastic membrane

A

tunica media

45
Q

This layer of the medium arteries is relatively thick and many contain a vasa vasorum or nervi vascularis

A

tunica adventitia

46
Q

This layer of the small arteries typically has an internal elastic membrane

A

tunica intima

47
Q

This layer of the small arteries contains as many as eight layers of smooth muscle

A

tunica media

48
Q

This layer of the small arteries is thin and ill defined

A

tunica adventitia

49
Q

This layer of the arterioles may or may not have an internal elastic membrane

A

tunica intima

50
Q

This layer of the arterioles has only one or two layers of smooth muscle

A

tunica media

51
Q

This layer of the arterioles is thin and ill defined

A

tunica adventitia

52
Q

These are the smallest diameter of blood vessels; 4µm-10µm

A

capillaries

53
Q

What makes up the wall of capillaries

A

endothelial cells and its basal lamina

54
Q

What is the function of capillaries

A

allow the exchange of material between the blood and body tissues

55
Q

What are the three types of capillaries

A

continuous
fenestrated
discontinuous (sinusoidal)

56
Q

Where are continuous capillaries found

A

in muscle, lung, and CNS

57
Q

What types of cell/vessels are found in continuous capillaries

A

uninterrupted endothelial cell lining with tight or occluding junction
pinocutotic vessels
may see pericytes

58
Q

Where are fenestrated capillaries found

A

endocrine glands and at sites of fluid and metabolite absorption

59
Q

What types of cells/vessels are found in fenestrated capillaries

A

pinocytotic vessels

have oval proes cnned fenestrations

60
Q

Where are discontinuous capillaries found

A

liver, speen, and bone marrow

larger in diameter and more irregularly shaped

61
Q

What is the name of the flow of blood from an arteriole through a capillary network to a post capillary venule

A

microcirculation

62
Q

What comprises the microcirculatory bed or microvascular bed

A

arteriole
capillary network
postcapillary venule

63
Q

What are the two types of vessels in the capillary network

A

true capillaries

arteriovenous (AV) anastomoses or shunts

64
Q

The more the precapillary sphincters relax and the smooth muscle of the AV shunt contracts, what happens

A

more blood will pass through the true capillaries in the capillary beds

65
Q

The more the pre capillary sphincters contract and the smooth muscle AV shunts relax, what happens

A

the more blood will pass through the arteriovenous anastomoses and bypass the true capillaries

66
Q

What are the four types of veins

A

venule
small veins
medium veins
large veins

67
Q

These are the smallest diameter veins (10µm-100µm) they receive blood from the capillaries

68
Q

This type of venule has an endothelial cell with basal lamina and pericytes; no tunica media or adventitia

A

postcapillary venule

69
Q

This type of venule posses a tunica media with one or two layers of smooth muscle and a thin tunica adventitia; typically no pericytes

A

muscular venule

70
Q

This type of vein range from 0.1mm-1mm in diameter and receive blood from muscular venule

A

small veins

71
Q

This type of vein ranges from 1mm-10mm in diameter and all three layers are present

A

medium veins

72
Q

This type of vein is large than 10mm in diameter and all three layers are present

A

large veins

73
Q

This layer of medium veins contains endothelium and its basal lamina, a thin sub endothelial layer with an occasional smooth muscle cell, and in some cases, a thin internal elastic membrane

A

tuncia intima

74
Q

This layer of the medium veins is thinner than the associated artery, several layers of smooth muscles (mostly circular) with interspersed collagen and elastic fibers

A

tunica media

75
Q

This layer of the medium veins is thicker than the other ; made of collagen and networks of elastic fibers

A

tunica adventitia

76
Q

This layer of the large veins is composed of endothelium and its basal lamina, along with a thin sub endothelial layer with some smooth muscle cells

A

tunica intima

77
Q

This layer of the large veins is relatively thin; circularly arranged smooth muscle cells

A

tunica media

78
Q

This layer of the large veins is thicker than the others; collagen and elastic fibers with the occasional smooth muscle cell

A

tunica adventitia

79
Q

Most veins in the limbs have what

A

valves; thin folds of tunica intima which prevents back flow of blood

SP14 Anatomy (33 decks)

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