Final Histo - Circulatory System

Question 1

What does the heart wall contain

Answer 1

cardiac muscle
fibrous skeleton
intrinsic conduction system
coronary vasculature
serous membrane
endothelial cells and underlying connective tissue

Question 2

What makes up the fibrous skeleton of the heart

Answer 2

four fibrous rings surrounding valve orifices
two fibrous trigones connecting rings
membranous portion of inter ventricular and interatrial septa

Question 3

What tissue makes up the fibrous rings surrounding the valve orifices

Answer 3

dense irregular connective tissue

Question 4

This is the outer layer; visceral layer of serous pericardium

Answer 4

epicardium

Question 5

This is the middle layer; composed primarily of cardiac muscle, also contains the fibrous skeleton of the heart

Answer 5

myocardium

Question 6

This is the inner layer of the heart wall

Answer 6

endocardium

Question 7

What are the three components of the endocardium

Answer 7

endothelial cells
underlying dense connective tissue and smooth muscle
connective tissue

Question 8

This is the inner layer of the endocardium

Answer 8

endothelial cells

Question 9

This is the middle layer of the endocardium

Answer 9

underlying layer of dense connective tissue and smooth muscle cells

Question 10

This is the deep layer of the endocardium

Answer 10

connective tissue containing the intrinsic conduction system

Question 11

This is the “sac” surrounding the beginning and end of the heart and great vessels

Answer 11

pericardium

Question 12

What type of tissue are the valves covered in

Answer 12

connective tissue with overlying endothelium

Question 13

This is loose connective tissue covered in endothelium on atrial or blood vessels side of vavlue

Answer 13

spongiosa

Question 14

What is the function of the spongiosa

Answer 14

shick absorber; it contains loosely arranged collagen and elastic fibers infiltrated with proteoglycans

Question 15

This is the core of a valve; contains fibrous extensions from the dense irregular connective tissue of skeletal rings

Answer 15

fibrosa

Question 16

This is the dense connective tissue with layers of elastic fibers covered in endothelium; adjacent to ventricular side of the valve

Answer 16

ventricularis

Question 17

What is special about the cardiac muscle of the heart

Answer 17

it is able to depolarize and contract without impulses from the nervous system, due to the intrinsic cardiac conduction system

Question 18

What type of cell is the intrinsic cardiac conduction system composed of

Answer 18

the 1% non contractile cardiac cells called cardiac conducting cells or auto rhythmic cells

Question 19

How are the auto rhythmic cells organized

Answer 19

into nodes and highly specialized conducting fibers/tracts called Purkinje fibers

Question 20

What are auto rhythmic cells responsible for

Answer 20

the initiation and distribution of impulses throughout the heart

Question 21

What is the rate of the intrinsic cardiac muscle contraction controlled by

Answer 21

it is set by the pacemaker cell and is altered by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system as well as hormones

Question 22

These modified cardiac muscle cells are found in the SA and AV nodes and are smaller than surrounding atrial contractile cardiac cells; contain fewer myofibrils and lack intercalated discs

Answer 22

nodal cardiac cells

Question 23

These modified cardiac muscle cells are found in the AV bundle, bundle branches, and sub endothelial branches and are larger than the surrounding ventricular contractile cells

Answer 23

purkinje fibers

Question 24

Purkinje cells contains what in their periphery and what is different about their nuclei

Answer 24

contain myofibrils at periphery

nuclei are round and larger than nuclei of regular cardiac fibers

Question 25

What is specifically found in the Purkinje fibers

Answer 25

large amounts of glycogen

Question 26

What are the three layers of blood vessels

Answer 26

tunica interna or tunica intima tunica media tunica externa or tunica adventitia

Question 27

What are the three parts of the tunica interna

Answer 27

endothelium basal lamina subendothelial layer

Question 28

This is the internal elastic membrane of arteries and some arterioles; part of the tunica interna

Answer 28

subendothelial layer

Question 29

This contains rings of smooth muscle cells responsible for vasoconstriction and vasodilation; can also contain sheets or lamellae or laminae of elastin

Answer 29

tunica media

Question 30

This is found in larger vessels and contains the vasa vasorum (vessels of the vessel) and nervi vascularis

Answer 30

tunica externa or tunica adventitia

Question 31

In cross section, which vessel looks more open and which one looks more collapsed

Answer 31

``` arteries = open veins = collapsed ```

Question 32

In arteries, which layers is the thickest

Answer 32

tunica media

Question 33

In veins, which layer is the thickest

Answer 33

tunica externa

Question 34

These are the largest diameter arteries (greater than 10mm)

Answer 34

elastic or conducting arteries (large)

Question 35

What do the large artery wall contain

Answer 35

large amount of elastic fibers which allow for it to expand and recoil propelling blood onward and as a pressure reserve

Question 36

These are the medium sized arteries (2-10mm)

Answer 36

muscular or distributing arteries (medium)

Question 37

What do the walls of the medium sized arteries contain

Answer 37

large amounts of smooth muscle important for regulating blood flow, those in a circular orientation are responsible for vasoconstriction and vasodilation

Question 38

These are arteries 0.1mm to 2mm in diameter with as many as eight layers of smooth muscle

Answer 38

small arteries

Question 39

These are arteries with the smallest diameter 10µm to 100µm; only one or two layers of smooth muscle

Answer 39

arterioles

Question 40

This layer of the large arteries has an inconspicuous internal elastic membrane

Answer 40

tunica intima

Question 41

This layer of the large arteries is the thickest and contains multiple layers of smooth muscle separated by elastic lamellae

Answer 41

tunica media

Question 42

This layer of the large arteries is thin and may contain a vasa vasorum and nervi vascularis

Answer 42

tunica adventitia

Question 43

This layer of the medium arteries is thinner than they of the large arteries and has a prominent internal elastic layer

Answer 43

tunica interna

Question 44

This layer of the medium arteries is the thickest layer consisting of almost entirely of smooth muscle cells separated by elastic material; has a prominent eternal elastic membrane

Answer 44

tunica media

Question 45

This layer of the medium arteries is relatively thick and many contain a vasa vasorum or nervi vascularis

Answer 45

tunica adventitia

Question 46

This layer of the small arteries typically has an internal elastic membrane

Answer 46

tunica intima

Question 47

This layer of the small arteries contains as many as eight layers of smooth muscle

Answer 47

tunica media

Question 48

This layer of the small arteries is thin and ill defined

Answer 48

tunica adventitia

Question 49

This layer of the arterioles may or may not have an internal elastic membrane

Answer 49

tunica intima

Question 50

This layer of the arterioles has only one or two layers of smooth muscle

Answer 50

tunica media

Question 51

This layer of the arterioles is thin and ill defined

Answer 51

tunica adventitia

Question 52

These are the smallest diameter of blood vessels; 4µm-10µm

Answer 52

capillaries

Question 53

What makes up the wall of capillaries

Answer 53

endothelial cells and its basal lamina

Question 54

What is the function of capillaries

Answer 54

allow the exchange of material between the blood and body tissues

Question 55

What are the three types of capillaries

Answer 55

continuous fenestrated discontinuous (sinusoidal)

Question 56

Where are continuous capillaries found

Answer 56

in muscle, lung, and CNS

Question 57

What types of cell/vessels are found in continuous capillaries

Answer 57

uninterrupted endothelial cell lining with tight or occluding junction pinocutotic vessels may see pericytes

Question 58

Where are fenestrated capillaries found

Answer 58

endocrine glands and at sites of fluid and metabolite absorption

Question 59

What types of cells/vessels are found in fenestrated capillaries

Answer 59

pinocytotic vessels | have oval proes cnned fenestrations

Question 60

Where are discontinuous capillaries found

Answer 60

liver, speen, and bone marrow | larger in diameter and more irregularly shaped

Question 61

What is the name of the flow of blood from an arteriole through a capillary network to a post capillary venule

Answer 61

microcirculation

Question 62

What comprises the microcirculatory bed or microvascular bed

Answer 62

arteriole capillary network postcapillary venule

Question 63

What are the two types of vessels in the capillary network

Answer 63

true capillaries | arteriovenous (AV) anastomoses or shunts

Question 64

The more the precapillary sphincters relax and the smooth muscle of the AV shunt contracts, what happens

Answer 64

more blood will pass through the true capillaries in the capillary beds

Question 65

The more the pre capillary sphincters contract and the smooth muscle AV shunts relax, what happens

Answer 65

the more blood will pass through the arteriovenous anastomoses and bypass the true capillaries

Question 66

What are the four types of veins

Answer 66

venule small veins medium veins large veins

Question 67

These are the smallest diameter veins (10µm-100µm) they receive blood from the capillaries

Answer 67

venule

Question 68

This type of venule has an endothelial cell with basal lamina and pericytes; no tunica media or adventitia

Answer 68

postcapillary venule

Question 69

This type of venule posses a tunica media with one or two layers of smooth muscle and a thin tunica adventitia; typically no pericytes

Answer 69

muscular venule

Question 70

This type of vein range from 0.1mm-1mm in diameter and receive blood from muscular venule

Answer 70

small veins

Question 71

This type of vein ranges from 1mm-10mm in diameter and all three layers are present

Answer 71

medium veins

Question 72

This type of vein is large than 10mm in diameter and all three layers are present

Answer 72

large veins

Question 73

This layer of medium veins contains endothelium and its basal lamina, a thin sub endothelial layer with an occasional smooth muscle cell, and in some cases, a thin internal elastic membrane

Answer 73

tuncia intima

Question 74

This layer of the medium veins is thinner than the associated artery, several layers of smooth muscles (mostly circular) with interspersed collagen and elastic fibers

Answer 74

tunica media

Question 75

This layer of the medium veins is thicker than the other ; made of collagen and networks of elastic fibers

Answer 75

tunica adventitia

Question 76

This layer of the large veins is composed of endothelium and its basal lamina, along with a thin sub endothelial layer with some smooth muscle cells

Answer 76

tunica intima

Question 77

This layer of the large veins is relatively thin; circularly arranged smooth muscle cells

Answer 77

tunica media

Question 78

This layer of the large veins is thicker than the others; collagen and elastic fibers with the occasional smooth muscle cell

Answer 78

tunica adventitia

Question 79

Most veins in the limbs have what

Answer 79

valves; thin folds of tunica intima which prevents back flow of blood