EX3 Neuro - Basal Ganglia Flashcards
What are the four clinically significant basal ganglia
striatum (neostriatum)
globus pallidus (paleostratum)
substantia nigra
subthalamic nucleus
This lies lateral to the thalamus and is divided by the internal capsule
striatum
What are the three nuclei that make up the striatum
caudate nucleus
putamen
nucleus accumbens
What are the two nuclei that make up the lenticular (lentiform) nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus
What cortical areas project into the basal ganglia
the cerebral cortex sends fibers to the basal ganglia
What is the target of the fibers from the cerebral cortex to the basal ganglia
striatum; caudate nucleus, putamen
medial segment of the globus pallidus
What is the structure that separates the caudate nucleus and putamen
internal capsule
What is the neurotransmitter that originates within nerve cell bodies that make up the substantia nigra pars compacta
dopamine
What disease is a result from a loss of dopamine nerve cell bodies in the substantia nigra
Parkinson’s disease
What is the inhibitory neurotransmitter of the caudate-putamen and globus pallidus
GABA
What does disinhibition mean
to make something less inhibited; taking the foot off the brake
What two nuclei contain neurons that are disinhibited by the action of the globus pallidus
subthalamic nucleus
thalamus VL nucleus
What is the end result of the disinhibition of the sub thalamic nucleus and thalamus VL nucleus
disinhibition of the indirect loop
*motor activity
What is athetoid
slow, involuntary, twisting, writhing movements
usually a result of damage to the striatum during childbirth
What is choreiform
spastic, irregular, involuntary, purposeless, abrupt, rapid, nonrepetitive movements that flow from one body part to another
What causes choreiform
Huntington’s disease/Syndenham’s chorea
loss of GABAergic neurons in the striatum
What is ballism (ballistic)
large amplitude flinging, repetitive, various, flailing movements (throwing ball)
What causes ballism
damage to the sub thalamic nucleus
What is akinesia
no movement
What is bradykinesia
decreased speed of movement
What is hypokinesia
decreased amplitude of movement
The loss of what neurons and of which neurotransmitter cause the motor dysfunction seen in Huntington’s disease
loss of GABAergis neurons in the striatum
The loss of what neurons and of which neurotransmitter cause the motor dysfunction seen in Parkinson’s disease
degeneration of dopamine-secreting substantia nigra pars compacta
The loss of what neurons and of which neurotransmitter cause the motor dysfunction seen in hemiballism
damage to subtalamic nucleus
What region of the cortex is the target of efferent signals from the basal ganglia
motor cortex
This thalamic nucleus is associated with declarative memory
anterior nucleus
This thalamic nucleus is associated with touch sensation
VPM and VPL
ventral posteriomedial nucleus
ventral posteriolateral nucleus
This thalamic nucleus is associated with motor control
VA and VL
ventroanterior nucleus
ventrolateral nucleus
This thalamic nucleus is associated with audition and vision
medial geniculate body (MGB); auditory
lateral geniculate body (LGB); vision
What is procedural memory
memory for the performance of particular actions
motor loop; putamen
What is an example of a thalamic association nucleus
mediodorsal nucleus
What is an example of a non-specific thalamic nucleus
intralaminar nucleus
