Final Gross - Thoracic Wall, Lungs, and Middle Mediastinum

Question 1

This range of ribs are known as the true ribs, having their own costal cartilage/attachment to the sternum

Answer 1

ribs 1-7

Question 2

This range of ribs are the falst ribs, do not have their own costal cartilage attachment

Answer 2

ribs 8-12

Question 3

These are the floating ribs, they are not attached to the sternum

Answer 3

ribs 11 and 12

Question 4

This part of the sternum has the clavicular notch for sternoclavicular joint

Answer 4

manubrium

Question 5

This part of the sternum joins the manubrium at sternal angle (of Louis)

Answer 5

body

Question 6

This is the lowest point of the sternum

Answer 6

xiphoid process

Question 7

This joint is a secondary cartilaginous joint symphysis = slightly movable

Answer 7

manubriosternal joint

Question 8

This is a primary cartilaginous joint synchrondriosis = immovable joint

Answer 8

xiphosternal joint

Question 9

What can become of the manubriosternal and xiphosternal joint as we age

Answer 9

they may fuse (ossify)

Question 10

This part of the ribs articulates with 2 vertebral bodies and 1 disc

Answer 10

head

Question 11

This part of the ribs articulates with 1 transverse process

Answer 11

tubercle

Question 12

This region of the ribs is the of the greatest curve (angle is found here)

Answer 12

body

Question 13

This part of the ribs is formed by intercostal vein, artery, and nerve

Answer 13

costal groove

Question 14

This is the region of muscle attachment between upper limb and anterior chest

Answer 14

the pectoral region of the thoracic wall

Question 15

What muscles compose the pectoral region

Answer 15

pectoralis major and minor

Question 16

This muscle is divided into clavicular and sternocostal heads

Answer 16

pectoralis major

Question 17

This muscle is enveloped in clavipectoral fascia

Answer 17

pectoralis minor

Question 18

What bones and muscles are found in the anterior thoracic wall

Answer 18

ribs and sternum

pectoral, intercostal, and subcostal muscles

Question 19

What vessels/nerves are found in the anterior thoracic wall

Answer 19

intercostal vessels and nerves

internal thoracic vessels

Question 20

What are the different intercostal muscles

Answer 20

external
internal
innermost

Question 21

These are located in the costal groove along the inferior rib superiorly

Answer 21

intercostal vein, artery, and nerve (in that order from superior to inferior)

Question 22

These are located just superior to the superior part of a rib, or the inferior most part of an intercostal space

Answer 22

collateral nerve, artery, and vein (in that order from superior to inferior)

Question 23

What vessles/nerve branches to give the collateral vessels/nerve

Answer 23

intercostal

Question 24

The collateral and intercostal vessels re-join to form what

Answer 24

anterior perforating branches of intercostal vessels

Question 25

Where do the anterior perforating branches branch at

Answer 25

just medial to internal thoracic artery and vein (closer to sternum)

Question 26

This is the serous secreting membranes that reduce friction

Answer 26

pleura

Question 27

This pleura covers the thoracic wall and is very sensitive to pain

Answer 27

parietal pleura

Question 28

What nerves innervate the parietal pleura

Answer 28

intercostal and phrenic nerves

Question 29

This pleura covers the lungs and is not sensitive to pain

Answer 29

visceral pleura

Question 30

Where are both pleural layers continuous at

Answer 30

at the root of the lung

Question 31

What are the four portions of the parietal pleura

Answer 31

cervical costal diaphragmatic mediastinal

Question 32

The pleural cavities are potential spaces of which can be filled with effusion (pathological fluid) and cause what damages

Answer 32

may compress lungs difficulty breathing pleural effusions are visible on chest radiographs

Question 33

This is accumulation of air in the pleural cavity causing the collapse of the lung due to its own elasticity

Answer 33

pneumothorax

Question 34

This is accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity and may cause adhesions and infection

Answer 34

hemothorax

Question 35

This is inflammation of the pleura and usually leads to the formation of pleural adhesions between the parietal and visceral pleura; also can cause pain

Answer 35

pleurisy

Question 36

This is the aspiration of fluids in the lungs

Answer 36

pleural tap; thoracentesis

Question 37

Where is the best location for a thoracentesis

Answer 37

midaxillary line or slightly posterior | ICS of 6 or 7, in order not to pierce the diaphragm, liver/spleen, and to avoid the intercostals and collaterals.

Question 38

Which lung has three lobes

Answer 38

right lung | upper, middle, and lower

Question 39

Which lung has two lobes

Answer 39

left lung | upper and lower

Question 40

What major fissure is found on both lungs

Answer 40

oblique

Question 41

What minor fissure is found on the right lung one, separating the upper and middle lobes

Answer 41

horizontal

Question 42

Where is the bronchus in the hilum of the right lung

Answer 42

it is always superior to pulmonary vessels

Question 43

Where are the pulmonary veins located in the hilum of both lungs

Answer 43

most anterior/inferior

Question 44

Where is the pulmonary artery in the hilum of the left lung

Answer 44

it is the most superior

Question 45

This connects the lung to the mediastinum and is covered in a sleeve of pleura

Answer 45

root of the lungs

Question 46

What is located in the root of the lungs

Answer 46

bronchi and pulmonary vessels

Question 47

This is located inferior as the sleeve of pleura around the root of the lungs is mostly empty and collapsed, contains only a few lymph vessels

Answer 47

pulmonary ligament

Question 48

This nerve passes anteriorly to the roots and is closely applied to pericardial sac

Answer 48

phrenic nerve

Question 49

These vessels run with the phrenic nerve and are branches of internal thoracic artery and brachiocephalic vein

Answer 49

pericardiacophrenic vessels

Question 50

This nerve passes posterior to roots and is closely applied to the trachea, esophagus, and aorta

Answer 50

vagus nerve

Question 51

What does the vagus nerve pass anteriorly to near the left lung

Answer 51

anterior to arch of aorta

Question 52

This artery supplies nutrients to bronchi and lungs

Answer 52

bronchia artery

Question 53

Where do the sympathetic nerves come from that innervate the lungs

Answer 53

sympathetic trunk; T1-T5

Question 54

Where do the parasympathetic nerves come from that innervate the lugns

Answer 54

vagus

Question 55

The splits into the 2 primary bronchi

Answer 55

trachea

Question 56

The primary bronchi split into what

Answer 56

2 (L) or 3 (R) secondary (lobar) bronchi

Question 57

The secondary bronchi spilt into what

Answer 57

8 (L) or 10 (R) tertiary (segmental) bronchi

Question 58

This is the median space between the 2 pleural sacs extending from thoracic inlet to diaphragm and from sternum to 12th thoracic vertebrae

Answer 58

mediastinum

Question 59

What are the divisions of the mediastinum

Answer 59

superior anterior middle posterior

Question 60

This division of the mediastinum is above the sternal angle and T4-T5 IV disc

Answer 60

superior

Question 61

This division of the mediastinum is between the sternum and pericardium (thymus found here)

Answer 61

anterior

Question 62

This division of the mediastimun contains the pericardium and related structures

Answer 62

middle

Question 63

This division of the mediastinum is between the pericardium and T5-T12 vertebrae

Answer 63

posterior

Question 64

What structures does the middle mediastinum contain

Answer 64

pericardium and heart phrenic nerve applied to pericardium pericardiacophrenic vessels roots of great vessels to and from heart

Question 65

This is the tough fibrous sac line with serous membrane enclosing the heart and pierced by the roots of 8 vessels

Answer 65

pericardium

Question 66

This portion of the pericardium is attached to the diaphragm interiorly

Answer 66

fibrous portion

Question 67

This portion of the pericardium is divided into the parietal and visceral layers

Answer 67

serous portion

Question 68

What are the 8 vessels that pierce the pericardium

Answer 68

``` SVC IVC aorta pulmonary trunk 4 pulmonary vessels ```

Question 69

This lines the out fibrous pericardium

Answer 69

parietal pericardium

Question 70

This covers the surface of the heart

Answer 70

visceral pericardium (epicardium)

Question 71

The is the complete inner pericardial membrane (parietal and visceral layers)

Answer 71

pericardial sac

Question 72

This is inside the pericardial sac and is a potential space between the serous and parietal layers containing only a small amount of serious fluid

Answer 72

pericardial cavity

Question 73

This is the accumulation of fluid in pericardial cavity resulting in the compression of the heart, common with congestive heart failure

Answer 73

pericardial effusion

Question 74

This is the accumulation of blood in the pericardial cavity associated with penetrating heart wounds or perforated heart muscles following MI

Answer 74

hemopericardium

Question 75

Arterial bleeding into pericardial cavity leads to what

Answer 75

cardiac tamponade; compression of the heart and roots of great vessels