EX2 Diaphragm, Kidney, and Posterior Abdominal Wall

Question 1

This principal muscle of respiration is dome shaped and separates thoraces and abdominal cavities

Answer 1

diaphragm

Question 2

This nerve supplies right and left hemidiaphragms of the diaphragm

Answer 2

phrenic nerve

Question 3

These nerves supplies lateral borders of the diaphragm and some sensory to the diaphragm

Answer 3

intercostal nerves

Question 4

The cervical plexus (ansa cervicalis) sends what type of branches to where

Answer 4

motor branches to infrahyoid strap muscles

Question 5

What does the phrenic nerve specifically supply

Answer 5

entire motor component

30% sensory fibers

Question 6

Where does the phrenic nerve originate

Answer 6

C3-C5 spinal segments

Question 7

Paralysis of the cervical spinal cord results in what regarding the diaphragm

Answer 7

paralysis of diaphragmatic respiration

hemidiaphragm cannot contract (descend); remaining high in the thorax

Question 8

What type of landmarks are found in the diaphragm and at what vertebral level

Answer 8

vena cava foramen - T8
esophageal hiatus - T10
aortic hiatus - T12

Question 9

This ligament arches over aorta

Answer 9

1 median arcuate ligament

Question 10

These ligaments arch over psoas muscle

Answer 10

2 medial arcuate ligaments

Question 11

These ligaments arch over quadrates lumborum muscles

Answer 11

2 lateral arcuate ligaments

Question 12

These arteries supply superior surface of the diaphragm

Answer 12

pericardiocophrenic
superior phrenic
(via internal thoracic and thoracic aorta)

Question 13

This artery supplies the periphery of the diaphragm

Answer 13

musculophrenic artery
(via internal thoracic)

Question 14

This artery supplies the inferior surface of the diaphragm

Answer 14

inferior phrenic artery

via abdominal aorta

Question 15

The venous drainage of the diaphragm drains to which major vein

Answer 15

inferior vena cava (IVC)

Question 16

The kidneys are located lateral to the vertebral column at what vertebral level

Answer 16

T12-L3

Question 17

Which kidney is typically more superior

Answer 17

left side, due to liver being on the right
left superior pole ~ 11th rib
right superior pol ~ 12th rib

Question 18

What encapsulates the kidneys

Answer 18

peri-renal fat and renal fascia

Question 19

This nerve supplies the right and left hemidiaphragms of the kidneys

Answer 19

phrenic nerve

Question 20

These nerves supplies the lateral borders and some sensory to the kidney

Answer 20

intercostal nerves

Question 21

The kidneys ascend from where during development

Answer 21

the pelvis

Question 22

ectopic pelvic kidneys remain where

Answer 22

anterior to sacrum

Question 23

horseshoe kidneys are where

Answer 23

below IMA

Question 24

transplanted kidneys are where

Answer 24

placed lower in abdomen

Question 25

What are the layers of the kidneys

Answer 25

fibrous capsule - outer later renal cortex - outer 1/3 renal medulla - inner 2/3

Question 26

The renal medulla contains what structures

Answer 26

rental pyramids

Question 27

Where does the flow of urine begin and descend to

Answer 27

``` renal papillae (tips of pyramids) minor calyces major calyces renal plevis ureter urinary bladder urethra ```

Question 28

Which renal artery is longer, right or left?

Answer 28

right, passing posterior to IVC

Question 29

Where do the renal arteries divide and into what

Answer 29

``` each divides at hilum into 5 segmental arteries END ARTERIES (no collateral circulation) ```

Question 30

Which renal vein is longer, right or left?

Answer 30

left, passing anterior to the arteries/aorta

Question 31

Which is more anterior, renal artery or vein

Answer 31

vein

Question 32

The ureters cross which muscle to enter the bladder

Answer 32

psoas major muscle

Question 33

The ureters run in which orientation to the gonadal vessels and anterior to which artery

Answer 33

obliquely posterior | external iliac artery

Question 34

True or False | A bifid renal pelvis and ureters are fairly common

Answer 34

True

Question 35

You can occasionally find what type of ureters

Answer 35

retrocaval; behind the IVC, can compress ureters compromising the drainage causing kidney stones

Question 36

The ureter arteries arise from which three sources

Answer 36

renal artery testicular or ovarian artery abdominal aorta *veins drain into similar named veins

Question 37

What are some ways in which a kidney stone can be removed

Answer 37

larger than 1cm = surgically may be ultrasonically crushed = lithotripsy spontaneously pass through ureter

Question 38

Pain from a kidney stone is associated with what

Answer 38

waves of contraction forcing the stone though ureter gradually moves inferoanteriorly toward groin; from side and back between ribs to pelvis to inguinal areas of cutaneous innervation T11-12

Question 39

This is a roughly triangular gland lying superior to kidney and posterior to IVC

Answer 39

right adrenal gland

Question 40

This is a semilunar gland typing superomedial to kidney near hilum

Answer 40

left adrenal gland

Question 41

What does the adrenal cortex produce

Answer 41

adrenal steroids

Question 42

What does the adrenal medulla do

Answer 42

acts as a sympathetic ganglion; receives preganglionic fibers that synapse directly

Question 43

True or False | The adrenal gland is richly vascularized

Answer 43

True; due to endocrine function

Question 44

The suprarenal artery has 3 sources, what are they

Answer 44

superior suprarenal artery (6-8) middle suprarenal artery (1+) inferior suprarenal artery (1+)

Question 45

The superior suprarenal artery is derived from

Answer 45

inferior phrenic artery

Question 46

The middle suprarenal artery is derived from

Answer 46

abdominal aorta

Question 47

The inferior suprarenal artery is derived from

Answer 47

renal artery

Question 48

What are the muscles of the posterior abdominal wall

Answer 48

``` transversus abdominus quadratus lumborum psoas major iliacus psoas minor diaphragm ```

Question 49

What is the main arterial supply to the posterior wall

Answer 49

lumbar artery; 4 pairs | branches of abdominal aorta

Question 50

The aorta bifurcates where

Answer 50

L4 | level of umbilicus (T10)

Question 51

What are the main nerves of the posterior wall

Answer 51

``` ventral rami (T12-L4) lumbar plexus located beneath fascia of posterior abdominal muscles ```

Question 52

The sympathetic trunks are located where in relationship to the posterior abdominal wall

Answer 52

beneath fascia of posterior abdominal mucles | continuous with thoracic portion

Question 53

This nerve supplies sensory to anterior/lateral abdominal wall

Answer 53

subcostal nerve (T12)

Question 54

This nerve supplies motor to abdominal muscles; EO, IO, TA, pyramidalis, RA, and QL

Answer 54

subcostal nerve (T12)

Question 55

These nerves can arise from common trunk, descends anterior to QL

Answer 55

``` iliohypogastric ilioinguinal nerves (L1) ```

Question 56

This nerve supplies skin of suprapubic region and abdominal muscles

Answer 56

iliohypogastric nerve

Question 57

This nerve runs through inguinal canal to supply it and abdominal muscles

Answer 57

ilioinguinal nerve

Question 58

This nerve pierces psoas major muscle and descends along anterior surface, and splits to femoral branch and genital branch

Answer 58

genitofemoral nerve (L1-L2)

Question 59

This nerve supplies skin inferior and medial to inguinal ligament and cremaster muscle (spermatic cord)

Answer 59

genitofemoral nerve

Question 60

This nerve descends anterior to iliacus muscle and passes deep to inguinal ring, inferior to ASIS

Answer 60

lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (L2-L3)

Question 61

This nerve supplies anterior/lateral skin of thigh

Answer 61

lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (L2-L3)

Question 62

This nerve runs between iliac us and psoas major muscles, passes deep to inguinal ligament and inferior to ASIS

Answer 62

femoral nerve (L2-L4)

Question 63

This nerve supplies sensory and motor to anterior thigh

Answer 63

femoral nerve

Question 64

This nerve runs medial to psoas major and passes through obturator foramen

Answer 64

obturator nerve (L2-L4)

Question 65

This nerve supplies sensory and motor to medial thigh

Answer 65

obturator nerve

Question 66

This nerve has a large nerve trunk crosses over ala of sacrum and descends into pelvis to help form sacral plexus

Answer 66

lumbosacral trunk (L4-L5)

Question 67

This nerve provides general contributions to both plexuses

Answer 67

lumbosacral trunk