EX2 Diaphragm, Kidney, and Posterior Abdominal Wall Flashcards
This principal muscle of respiration is dome shaped and separates thoraces and abdominal cavities
diaphragm
This nerve supplies right and left hemidiaphragms of the diaphragm
phrenic nerve
These nerves supplies lateral borders of the diaphragm and some sensory to the diaphragm
intercostal nerves
The cervical plexus (ansa cervicalis) sends what type of branches to where
motor branches to infrahyoid strap muscles
What does the phrenic nerve specifically supply
entire motor component
30% sensory fibers
Where does the phrenic nerve originate
C3-C5 spinal segments
Paralysis of the cervical spinal cord results in what regarding the diaphragm
paralysis of diaphragmatic respiration
hemidiaphragm cannot contract (descend); remaining high in the thorax
What type of landmarks are found in the diaphragm and at what vertebral level
vena cava foramen - T8
esophageal hiatus - T10
aortic hiatus - T12
This ligament arches over aorta
1 median arcuate ligament
These ligaments arch over psoas muscle
2 medial arcuate ligaments
These ligaments arch over quadrates lumborum muscles
2 lateral arcuate ligaments
These arteries supply superior surface of the diaphragm
pericardiocophrenic
superior phrenic
(via internal thoracic and thoracic aorta)
This artery supplies the periphery of the diaphragm
musculophrenic artery (via internal thoracic)
This artery supplies the inferior surface of the diaphragm
inferior phrenic artery
via abdominal aorta
The venous drainage of the diaphragm drains to which major vein
inferior vena cava (IVC)
The kidneys are located lateral to the vertebral column at what vertebral level
T12-L3
Which kidney is typically more superior
left side, due to liver being on the right
left superior pole ~ 11th rib
right superior pol ~ 12th rib
What encapsulates the kidneys
peri-renal fat and renal fascia
This nerve supplies the right and left hemidiaphragms of the kidneys
phrenic nerve
These nerves supplies the lateral borders and some sensory to the kidney
intercostal nerves
The kidneys ascend from where during development
the pelvis
ectopic pelvic kidneys remain where
anterior to sacrum
horseshoe kidneys are where
below IMA
transplanted kidneys are where
placed lower in abdomen
What are the layers of the kidneys
fibrous capsule - outer later
renal cortex - outer 1/3
renal medulla - inner 2/3
The renal medulla contains what structures
rental pyramids
Where does the flow of urine begin and descend to
renal papillae (tips of pyramids) minor calyces major calyces renal plevis ureter urinary bladder urethra
Which renal artery is longer, right or left?
right, passing posterior to IVC
Where do the renal arteries divide and into what
each divides at hilum into 5 segmental arteries END ARTERIES (no collateral circulation)
Which renal vein is longer, right or left?
left, passing anterior to the arteries/aorta
Which is more anterior, renal artery or vein
vein
The ureters cross which muscle to enter the bladder
psoas major muscle
The ureters run in which orientation to the gonadal vessels and anterior to which artery
obliquely posterior
external iliac artery
True or False
A bifid renal pelvis and ureters are fairly common
True
You can occasionally find what type of ureters
retrocaval; behind the IVC, can compress ureters compromising the drainage causing kidney stones
The ureter arteries arise from which three sources
renal artery
testicular or ovarian artery
abdominal aorta
*veins drain into similar named veins
What are some ways in which a kidney stone can be removed
larger than 1cm = surgically
may be ultrasonically crushed = lithotripsy
spontaneously pass through ureter
Pain from a kidney stone is associated with what
waves of contraction forcing the stone though ureter
gradually moves inferoanteriorly toward groin; from side and back between ribs to pelvis to inguinal
areas of cutaneous innervation T11-12
This is a roughly triangular gland lying superior to kidney and posterior to IVC
right adrenal gland
This is a semilunar gland typing superomedial to kidney near hilum
left adrenal gland
What does the adrenal cortex produce
adrenal steroids
What does the adrenal medulla do
acts as a sympathetic ganglion; receives preganglionic fibers that synapse directly
True or False
The adrenal gland is richly vascularized
True; due to endocrine function
The suprarenal artery has 3 sources, what are they
superior suprarenal artery (6-8)
middle suprarenal artery (1+)
inferior suprarenal artery (1+)
The superior suprarenal artery is derived from
inferior phrenic artery
The middle suprarenal artery is derived from
abdominal aorta
The inferior suprarenal artery is derived from
renal artery
What are the muscles of the posterior abdominal wall
transversus abdominus quadratus lumborum psoas major iliacus psoas minor diaphragm
What is the main arterial supply to the posterior wall
lumbar artery; 4 pairs
branches of abdominal aorta
The aorta bifurcates where
L4
level of umbilicus (T10)
What are the main nerves of the posterior wall
ventral rami (T12-L4) lumbar plexus located beneath fascia of posterior abdominal muscles
The sympathetic trunks are located where in relationship to the posterior abdominal wall
beneath fascia of posterior abdominal mucles
continuous with thoracic portion
This nerve supplies sensory to anterior/lateral abdominal wall
subcostal nerve (T12)
This nerve supplies motor to abdominal muscles; EO, IO, TA, pyramidalis, RA, and QL
subcostal nerve (T12)
These nerves can arise from common trunk, descends anterior to QL
iliohypogastric ilioinguinal nerves (L1)
This nerve supplies skin of suprapubic region and abdominal muscles
iliohypogastric nerve
This nerve runs through inguinal canal to supply it and abdominal muscles
ilioinguinal nerve
This nerve pierces psoas major muscle and descends along anterior surface, and splits to femoral branch and genital branch
genitofemoral nerve (L1-L2)
This nerve supplies skin inferior and medial to inguinal ligament and cremaster muscle (spermatic cord)
genitofemoral nerve
This nerve descends anterior to iliacus muscle and passes deep to inguinal ring, inferior to ASIS
lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (L2-L3)
This nerve supplies anterior/lateral skin of thigh
lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (L2-L3)
This nerve runs between iliac us and psoas major muscles, passes deep to inguinal ligament and inferior to ASIS
femoral nerve (L2-L4)
This nerve supplies sensory and motor to anterior thigh
femoral nerve
This nerve runs medial to psoas major and passes through obturator foramen
obturator nerve (L2-L4)
This nerve supplies sensory and motor to medial thigh
obturator nerve
This nerve has a large nerve trunk crosses over ala of sacrum and descends into pelvis to help form sacral plexus
lumbosacral trunk (L4-L5)
This nerve provides general contributions to both plexuses
lumbosacral trunk
