Feminism- The Origins of Feminism & The different types of Feminism & The different types of Feminism

Question 1

Patriarchy

Answer 1

Feminists use this term to describe society dominated by men and where women’s status is inferior. Patriarchy can be so powerful that women are unaware that it is actually happening.

Question 2

Gender stereotype

Answer 2

The argument that men’s and women’s gender roles are predetermined by society so that they are socialised to behave in a certain way

Question 3

Equality of opportunity

Answer 3

Everyone, regardless of their gender, should have the same life chances in society.

Question 4

Political equality

Answer 4

Women should have the same right to vote and protest as men.

Question 5

Gender equality

Answer 5

Men and women should be treated the same within society.

Question 6

Legal equality

Answer 6

Everybody should be treated the same in the eyes of the law. For feminists this means that women should have exactly the same lawful rights as men.

Question 7

Reformism

Answer 7

Believing that society can be reformed. In a feminist context, this means that negative consequences of oppression can, by legislation, gradually alter until equality is achieved.

Question 8

Discrimination

Answer 8

Treating a group or an individual less favourably than another group or individual. In feminism, it refers to women being treated less favourably than men in a variety of ways.

Question 9

Otherness

Answer 9

Women are treated as an inferior minority who are subordinate to men in a patriarchal society

Question 10

Public sphere

Answer 10

The visible area of society where relationships are public, such as in culture and civic life, and in the workplace.

Question 11

Private sphere

Answer 11

The area of society where relationships are seen as private. These relationships are less visible and centred on the home and domestic life.

Question 12

Intersectionality

Answer 12

Challenging the belief that gender is the singular most important factor in determining a woman’s experience. Rather, women have multiple overlapping intersecting identities, including race, class, age and religion.
Generalising about the female experiences of patriarchy is pointless when white middle-class women will have a very different experience from black working-class women and other ‘types’ of women.

Question 13

Where have feminist role models and themes been traced back to?

Answer 13

Feminist role models and themes have been traced back to ancient Greece.

Question 14

When did feminism emerge as a set of political ideas?

Answer 14

Feminism emerged as a set of political ideas over four waves from 1790 to the present day.

Question 15

What is a common theme in feminism for explaining female oppression?

Answer 15

Patriarchy is a common theme for explaining female oppression.

Question 16

What is the debate within feminism regarding patriarchy?

Answer 16

There is disagreement and debate over the exact role and nature of patriarchy, as well as potential solutions to female inequality.

Question 17

What is the goal of liberal feminists like Simone de Beauvoir and Charlotte Perkins Gilman?

Answer 17

Liberal feminists aim to reform society to remove its patriarchal elements.

Question 18

What do socialist and radical feminists, such as Sheila Rowbotham and Kate Millett, advocate for?

Answer 18

Socialist and radical feminists believe society is beyond reform and argue for revolution to transform it, though they differ on the format of the revolution.

Question 19

What is an example of an idea from 1970s radical feminism that is now considered outdated?

Answer 19

The idea of women living in separate lesbian societies is now considered a historical relic and is not widely supported by modern feminists.

Question 20

What successes has liberal feminism achieved since the 1960s in western democracies?

Answer 20

Liberal feminism has contributed to legislation granting equal rights across a broad spectrum of society.

Question 21

What is the status of patriarchy and women’s oppression in other parts of the world?

Answer 21

In many parts of the world, patriarchy and the oppression of women remain largely unaltered.

Question 22

What do third and fourth wave feminists argue about patriarchy?

Answer 22

They argue that patriarchy is constantly mutating and that women face new, complex forms of oppression that vary depending on their particular circumstances.

Question 23

What critique does bell hooks make about the feminist movement?

Answer 23

Bell hooks argues that the feminist movement has been too focused on the experiences of white women.

Question 24

What is the contribution of transfeminism to the feminist movement?

Answer 24

Transfeminism has added nuance to discussions of gender and sex, broadening the understanding of oppression and inequality.

Question 25

What are the four main types of feminism?

Answer 25

The four main types of feminism are: 1. Liberal feminism 2. Socialist feminism 3. Radical feminism 4. Postmodern feminism

Question 26

How has feminism developed over time?

Answer 26

Feminism has developed through four key waves.

Question 27

What are the views of third and fourth wave feminists on modern oppression?

Answer 27

They believe women face new, complex forms of oppression that are not limited to male oppression and vary depending on individual circumstances.

Question 28

How does liberal feminism differ from socialist and radical feminism?

Answer 28

Liberal feminism seeks to reform society, whereas socialist and radical feminism argue for revolution to achieve transformation.

Question 29

Why is the idea of separate lesbian societies not prominent in modern feminism?

Answer 29

It is considered an outdated concept and is not a solution favoured by many modern feminist

Question 30

What are the four waves of feminism?

Answer 30

The four waves of feminism are: 1.First wave feminism (1790-1940s) 2.Second wave feminism (1960s-1980s) 3.Third wave feminism (1990s to early 2000s) 4.Fourth wave feminism (post-2008)

Question 31

First Wave Feminism (1790-1940s) Which type of feminism was prominent during the first wave?

Answer 31

Liberal feminism.

Question 32

First Wave Feminism (1790-1940s) Who were key figures in first wave feminism?

Answer 32

•Mary Wollstonecraft (rights for women) •Charlotte Perkins Gilman (sex, domestic economics, societal pressure) •Suffragists (emancipation) •Suffragettes

Question 33

First Wave Feminism (1790-1940s) What other ideologies influenced first wave feminism?

Answer 33

Socialist feminism, influenced by Friedrich Engels (revolutionary communism).

Question 34

Second Wave Feminism (1960s-1980s) Which types of feminism were prominent during the second wave?

Answer 34

Liberal, socialist, and radical feminism.

Question 35

Second Wave Feminism (1960s-1980s) Who were key liberal feminist figures during the second wave?

Answer 35

•Betty Friedan (personhood) •Simone de Beauvoir (sex and gender, otherness).

Question 36

Second Wave Feminism (1960s-1980s) Who were key socialist feminist figures during the second wave?

Answer 36

•Sheila Rowbotham (capitalism and family) •Juliet Mitchell (capitalism and family life) •Chicago Women’s Liberation Front.

Question 37

Second Wave Feminism (1960s-1980s) Who were key radical feminist figures during the second wave?

Answer 37

•Carol Hanisch (personal is political) •Kate Millett (family, art, literature) •Shulamith Firestone (reproduction) •Andrea Dworkin (pornography) •Germaine Greer (sexuality) •Charlotte Bunch (separate societies, lesbianism as a political choice).

Question 38

Second Wave Feminism (1960s-1980s) What are some subcategories of second wave feminism?

Answer 38

•Ecofeminism: Carolyn Merchant (patriarchy dominates nature and women). •Difference feminism: Carol Gilligan (different, not equal).

Question 39

Third Wave Feminism (1990s to early 2000s) Which types of feminism were prominent during the third wave?

Answer 39

Postmodern feminism, post-feminism, and liberal feminism.

Question 40

Third Wave Feminism (1990s to early 2000s) Who were key postmodern feminist figures during the third wave?

Answer 40

•bell hooks (women of color) •Jennifer Baumgardner and Amy Richards (successive generational reinterpretation of feminism).

Question 41

Third Wave Feminism (1990s to early 2000s) Who were key post-feminist figures during the third wave?

Answer 41

•Camille Paglia (against ‘victimhood’) •Natasha Walter (political, economic, social, hypersexualization).

Question 42

Third Wave Feminism (1990s to early 2000s) Who were key liberal feminist figures during the third wave?

Answer 42

•Sylvia Walby (six structures of patriarchy) •Naomi Wolf (body image, technology, pornography).

Question 43

Fourth Wave Feminism (Post-2008) Which types of feminism are prominent during the fourth wave?

Answer 43

Postmodern feminism and transfeminism.

Question 44

Fourth Wave Feminism (Post-2008) Who are key figures and movements in fourth wave feminism?

Answer 44

•Femen (sexual exploitation, dictatorship, religion) •SlutWalk (rape) •Pussy Riot (religion, dictatorship, LGBTQ+) •Kira Cochrane (technology) •Kimberlé Crenshaw (intersectionality) •Soma Sara (rape culture through “Everyone’s Invited”).

Question 45

Fourth Wave Feminism (Post-2008) What is transfeminism?

Answer 45

Transfeminism advocates for liberation for trans women.

Question 46

What does liberal feminism argue can be eliminated via democratic pressure?

Answer 46

Gender stereotypes.

Question 47

Which sphere does liberal feminism focus on, and which sphere do they argue is outside the remit of political analysis?

Answer 47

Liberal feminism focuses on the public sphere (society) and argues that the private sphere (family) is outside the remit of political analysis.

Question 48

Which values heavily influence liberal feminism?

Answer 48

Liberal values of individualism, foundational equality, and equality of opportunity.

Question 49

What liberty do liberal feminists argue women require?

Answer 49

The same liberty as men in determining their role in society and the labour force.

Question 50

What did Mary Wollstonecraft argue for in A Vindication of the Rights of Women?

Answer 50

Political equality and that women should have the vote.

Question 51

What assumption did first wave feminists make about political emancipation?

Answer 51

That political emancipation would lead to gender equality and legal equality.

Question 52

What did Charlotte Perkins Gilman argue about biological differences?

Answer 52

That biological differences were irrelevant and women were intellectually equal to men.

Question 53

What did Simone de Beauvoir argue about gender differences?

Answer 53

That gender differences are not natural but are the creation of men.

Question 54

What did Betty Friedan argue society confined women to?

Answer 54

The narrow roles of housewife and mother, which alienated and oppressed women.

Question 55

What did Betty Friedan champion?

Answer 55

Equality of opportunity across the public sphere and legal and economic equality with men.

Question 56

What do third wave liberal feminists argue about patriarchy?

Answer 56

That patriarchy is constantly changing and adapting in how it oppresses women.

Question 57

What did Naomi Wolf claim about patriarchy and technology?

Answer 57

That they determine how women perceive beauty through photoshopped images, which portray an unobtainable fantasy image oppressing young women.

Question 58

What is the reformist belief of liberal feminists?

Answer 58

That discrimination and oppression can be reformed in both state and society.

Question 59

What do all socialist feminists argue about economics and gender inequality?

Answer 59

That economics leads to gender inequality and capitalism causes patriarchy.

Question 60

How is socialist feminism divided?

Answer 60

Into revolutionary and reformist branches, offering differing solutions and disagreeing with each other.

Question 61

What did Friedrich Engels argue about capitalism and patriarchy?

Answer 61

That capitalism altered societal structures, requiring women to be unpaid helpers for male workers.

Question 62

How did Engels view women’s role in capitalism?

Answer 62

Women were complicit in reproducing the workforce and socializing children into a cycle of capitalist oppression.

Question 63

What did Sheila Rowbotham argue about the oppression of women?

Answer 63

That women have always been oppressed and men often fail to understand the nature of this oppression.

Question 64

What solution did Rowbotham propose for women’s alienation?

Answer 64

A ‘revolution within a revolution’ to destroy both capitalism and patriarchy.

Question 65

What are the origins of radical feminism?

Answer 65

Second wave feminism.

Question 66

What do all radical feminists argue about society and patriarchy?

Answer 66

That society is purely patriarchal and a system of oppression unconnected with any other ideology.

Question 67

What structural changes do radical feminists advocate for?

Answer 67

Fundamental changes to society’s structure.

Question 68

How do second wave radical feminists differ from liberal feminists in their focus?

Answer 68

They address both the public and private spheres of life, claiming that ‘the personal is political.’

Question 69

What do radical feminists argue about the private sphere of life?

Answer 69

That ignoring it perpetuates the oppression of women’s domestic circumstances.

Question 70

What do difference feminists argue about a feminine-dominated world?

Answer 70

That it would be more peaceful and environmentally friendly.

Question 71

How do ecofeminists relate the oppression of women and nature?

Answer 71

They see both as aspects of the male need to dominate.

Question 72

What was Erin Pizzey’s contribution to addressing patriarchy in the private sphere?

Answer 72

She set up the first women’s refuge in London in 1971 for victims of domestic violence.

Question 73

What did Charlotte Bunch argue about heterosexual relationships?

Answer 73

That they were based on power and lesbianism was a political choice.

Question 74

What did Andrea Dworkin argue about pornography?

Answer 74

That it was symptomatic of men’s perception of women as sex objects.

Question 75

What did Germaine Greer argue about women’s views of their sexual desires?

Answer 75

That patriarchy socialized women to view their desires as unfeminine and to be embarrassed by their bodies.

Question 76

What alternative society did Shulamith Firestone envision?

Answer 76

One that eliminated gender distinctions, embraced androgyny, and used advanced technology to challenge biological differences.

Question 77

What do post-feminists argue about feminist goals?

Answer 77

That most goals have been achieved and women should move on.

Question 78

What critique did Camille Paglia make about feminism?

Answer 78

That it portrayed women as victims and argued women needed to take responsibility for their lives.

Question 79

What do postmodern feminists reject?

Answer 79

Generalizations inherent in other feminist traditions.

Question 80

What does intersectionality challenge?

Answer 80

The notion that gender is the most important factor in understanding women’s lives.

Question 81

Who coined the term ‘intersectionality’?

Answer 81

Kimberlé Crenshaw.

Question 82

How do postmodern feminists like Femen view nudity?

Answer 82

As empowering, using topless protests to challenge patriarchy.

Question 83

What movement challenges patriarchal attitudes toward rape and women’s appearance?

Answer 83

SlutWalk.

Question 84

How do fourth wave feminists like Kira Cochrane view technology?

Answer 84

As both a source of misogyny and a tool to challenge sexism and misogyny.

Question 85

What does transfeminism demonstrate?

Answer 85

The complexity of defining sex and gender, aligning with intersectional values.