Exam 3: Anaerobes Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 2 anaerobes in the group Neurotoxic Clostridia
A
- C. tetani
2. C. botulinim
2
Q
What are the 5 Clostridum spp. of Vet importance?
A
- C. perfringens (type A-E)
- C. difficile
- C. spiroforme
- C. piliforme
3
Q
Pathology of the intestine
A
Enteropathy
4
Q
Absorption of lg. #s of toxins
A
Enterotoxemia
5
Q
What are the 4 major toxins produced by Clostridium perfringens
A
Alpha, Beta, Iota, Epsilon
6
Q
Which toxin is produced by all strains of Clostridium perfringens?
A
Alpha
7
Q
Where is clostridium perfringens commonly found?
A
soil, poo, GIT,
8
Q
Clostridium perfringens __, __, and __, May survive in soil as spores
A
B, C, D
9
Q
What are the 3 predisposing factors for Clostridial proliferation in the SI?
A
- Poor husbandry
- Diet change
- Stress
10
Q
Dz. caused by Clostridium perfringens that can affect many spp.of animals and results in sudden death, w/o C/S
A
Necrotizing haemorrhagic enteritis
11
Q
What are the 6 Enterotoxeaemia Dzs caused by Clostridium perfringens Type B and C?
A
- Lamb dysentery
- Calf enterotoxaemia
- Pig enterotoxaemia
- Foal enterotoxaemia
- Struck
- Goat enterotoxaemia
12
Q
What aged lambs are affected with lamb dysentery?
A
less than 3wks
13
Q
What aged calves are effected with calf enterotoxaemia?
A
Well-fed calves less than 1 mo
14
Q
What aged bigs are affected with pig enterotoxaemia?
A
Newborn
15
Q
What aged foals are affected by foal enterotoxaemia?
A
Less than 12wks
16
Q
What aged sheep are affected with struck?
A
Adults
17
Q
What aged goats are affected with Goat enterotoxaemia
A
Adults
18
Q
C. perfringens infection in lambs
A
Lamb dysentery
19
Q
What C. perfringens strain causes lamb dysentery
A
Type B
20
Q
C/S of lamb dysentery
A
- Abdominal distension and pain
- Bloody poo
- sudden death
21
Q
What are the 3 factors predisposing sheep to lamb dysentery
A
- Low proteolytic activity in neonatal intestine
- Immature intestinal microbiota
- Dietary inflluences in older sheep
22
Q
What are 2 reasons a lamb may have low proteolytic activity in their intestine causing lamb dysentery
A
- trypsin inhibitors from milk
2. low pancreatic secretion
23
Q
What is another name for pulpy kidney dz in sheep
A
overeating dz
24
Q
What type of C. perfringens causes overeating dz?
A
C. perfringens type D
25
What causes pulpy kidney dz in sheep?
gorging on a high grain diet or succulent pasture
26
What toxin is overproduced in pulpy kidney dz. leading to toxemia
Epsilon toxin
27
What are the C/S of overeating dz?
1. encephalomalacia/ dullness
2. Hyperglycemia and glycosuria
3. fluid-distended intestine
4. pulpy kidney
28
What are the 4 ways you can dx Pulpy kidney
1. C/S
2. Staining and micro. exam
3. Anaerobic culture
4. Toxin detection in GIT
29
Tx of Pulpy kidney
Hyperimmune serum given early
30
T/F C. difficile enterocolitis can affect humans
T
31
What organs become infected with C. difficile enterocolitis
Caecum and colon
32
What are the 3 risk factors of C. difficile enterocoitis
1. Antibiotic use
2 old age
3. Hospitalization
33
T/F. Neonates are resistant and cannot spread C. difficile
F. Resistant, but may ccarry toxigenic strains
34
T/F. in C. difficile, Endospores are widespread and found in high numbers in tissues
F. Widespread, but low numbers in tissues
35
What are the 2 toxins produced by C. difficile enterocolitis
1. Tox A: D+ mucosal dam.
| 2. Tox B: cytotoxin
36
How can C. difficile be transmitted?
Nosocomial
37
Imbalance of microbial homeostasis
Dysbiosis
38
C. _____ produces fatal colitis in humans, rodents, horses, pigs. . .
difficile
39
T/F C. difficile can be treated with broad-spectrum abx
F. will kill normal microbial flora and allow C. difficile to rapidly proliferate
40
What are the two ways to Dx C. difficile?
1. Culture
| 2. Direct toxin detection
41
What media should be used when culturing c. difficile?
one that allows for germination of spores
42
Tx. options for C. difficile?
1. Fluids
2. Probiotics
3. FMT
43
What abx. can you use to tx C. difficile in horses?
clindamycin
44
What is a FMT?
Fecal Microbial Transplantation, transfer stool from a healthy donor to infected GIT
45
What does Clostridium perfreingens type A cause
1. Necrotic enteritis
2. Necrotizing enterocolitis
3. Canine haemorrhaic Gastroenteritis
46
What does Clostridium perfringens type B causes?
1. Lamb dysentery
| 2. Haemorrhagic enteritis
47
What does Clostridium perfringens type C cause
1. Struck
2. Goat enterotoxaemia
3. Haemorrhagic enteritis and enterotoxemia
48
What does Clostridium perfringens type D cause
1. Pulp kidney
| 2. Enterotoxaemia
49
What does Clostridium perfringens type E causes?
1. Haemorrhagic enterits
50
What does Clostridium difficile cause?
Colitis
51
What does Clostridium spiroforme cause?
Enterotoxemia and explosive diarrhea
52
What spp. are affected with Clostridium spiroforme
Rabbits
53
What does Clostridium piliforme cause
Tyzzer's Dz
54
What causes Enterotoxemia and Explosive Diarrheal dz in rabbits?
Clostridium spiroforme
55
Which Antimicrobials are contraindicated in rabits with Enterotoxemia due to their selective effect on G+ bacteria
1. Lincomycin
2. Clindamycin
3. Erythromycin
56
What Bacterium causes Tyzzer's Dz?
Gram negative Clostridium piliforme
57
Dz. characterized by acute, fatal, D+ in lab animals associated with focal liver necrosis
Tyzzers Dz
58
what are predisposing factors of Tyzzers dz
1. poor sanitation
| 2. stress
59
C/S.. of Tyzzer's dz
1. D+
2. Anorexia
3. dehydration
4. Lethargy
5. Death
60
Tx of Tyzzer's dz
Oxytetracycline
61
Gram (-), Non-spore forming bacteria
Fusobacterium necrophorum
62
What diseases is caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum
1. Foot rot
2. Necrotic laryngitis
3. Liver abscess
63
Where are Fusobacterium commensals?
1. Resp tract
2. GIT
3. Genital tract
64
Fusobacterium necrophorum are synergistic with what two bacterium?
1. Trueperella pyogens
| 2. Dichelobacter nodosus
65
2 ways to Dx Fusobacterium necrophorum
1. Anaerobic culture
| 2. PCR
66
Tx of foot rot?
1. Remove necrotic skin
2. Antiseptic foot baths
3. Antimicrobials
67
What Antimicrobials can be used to tx Foot rot?
1. penicillin
2. metronidazole
3. Clindamycin
4. chloramphenicol
68
T/F. obligate anaerobes do not tolerate oxygen
T
69
Where are obligate anaerobes commonly found?
GIT
70
T/F All anaerobes are gram negative
F. gram negative or positive
71
Gram positive, spore forming, anaerobes
Clostridium
72
Anaerobic infections are mostly of _____ origin
Endogenous
73
Large, Gram positive, anaerobic bacterial rods
Clostridium
74
T/F. Clostridium spp are motile
T
75
Which clostridium spp is not motile
C. perfringens
76
T/F. clostridium is non spore forming
F.
77
Where is clostridium spp commonly found?
soil, GIT
78
_____ toxin from C. perfringens is one of the most lethal toxins and considered as bioterrorism agent
Epsilon
79
What are the 3 classificatons of clostridium spp.
1. neurotoxic clostridia
2. Histotoxic clostridia
3. Enteropathogenic and enterotoxaemia producing clostridia
80
What are the 2 members of the Neurotoxic clostridia group?
1. C. tetani
| 2. C. botulinum
81
What are the 5 members of the Histotoxic clostridia group?
1. C. chauvoei
2. C. septicum
3. C. novjii type A and B
4. C. haemolyticum
5. Sordelli
82
What are the two members of the Enteropathogenic clostridia group?
1. C. perfringens
| 2. C. difficle
83
Group of clostridia that cause localized lesions in m. and liver causing toxemia
Histotoxic clostridia
84
Group of clostridia that affect neuromuscular function w/o inducing observable tissue damage
Neurotoxic clostridia
85
____ is a common predisposing factor for host response to clostridial infection
Necrosis
86
What are the 7 spp. of Clostridium of vet. imprtance?
1. C. tetani
2. C. botulinum
3. C. chauvoei
4. C. septicum
5. C. novyi type A-B
6. C. perfringens
7. C. difficle
87
Which chlostridial spp causes Blackleg in ruminants?
C. chauvoei
88
Which chlostridial spp causes Tetanus horses and humans
C. tetani
89
Which chlostridial spp causes Malignant oedema in sheep
C. Septicum
90
Which chlostridial spp causes Infectious necrotic hepatitis in sheep?
C. novyi type a and b
91
Which chlostridial spp causes Botulism in a wide range of animals?
C. botulinum
92
Acute, potentially fatal intoxication with neurotoxic clostridia causing spastic paralysis
Tetanus
93
Where is Clostridium tetani commonly found?
Soil and poo
94
Where does Clostridium tetani grow in the animal?
contaminated wounds
95
Potent neurotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani.
Tetanospasmin
96
Hemolysin that destroys tissues and is produced by Clostridium tetani
Tetanolysin
97
What are the two types of tetani?
1. Ascending
| 2. Descending
98
What is Ascending Tetani?
Toxin travels from regional motor n. in the limb to other parts of the body
99
What is Descending tetani?
Toxin in the blood affects motor n. centers in the brain and then spreads to the limbs
100
Which spp. experience Ascending tetani?
Less susceptible spp. like dogs and cats
101
Which spp. experiences Descending tetani?
Susceptible spp. like horse and humans
102
What is the incubation period for tetanus?
5-10 days
103
What is latent tetanus
When wound at the site of infection is healed
104
C/S of tetanus
1. Stiffness
2. Localized spasms
3. Altered heart and resp. rate
4. Dysphagia (trouble swallowing)
105
Administered promptly to neutralize unbound toxin
Antitoxin
106
given to Promotes active immune response
Toxoid
107
Tx. of Clostridium tetani?
1. Antitoxin
2. Toxoid
3. Anti-Tetanus equine serum
4. Lg. dose of penicillin
5. Sx
108
T/F. There is a vacc. available for Tetanus
T
109
T/F. All horses should be immunized for Clostridium tetani.
T
110
Serious, potentially fatal intoxication by ingestion of pre-formed neurotoxin
Botulism
111
____ Toxin is the most powerful exotoxin and inhibits neurotransmitter release, causing flaccid paralysis
Botulinum
112
What is the diff. between tetanus and botulinum toxin?
Tetanus toxin travels up the n. axon to the ventral horn, whereas botulinum toxin remains at the NMJ
113
What are the 4 types of Botulism in humans?
1. Foodborne botulism
2. Wound botulism
3. Infant botulism
4. Inhalation botulism
114
When do c/S of botulism appear?
3-17 days
115
C/S of Botulism
1. Dilated pupil
2. Dry mucus memb. and dec. salivation
3. Tongue flaccidity
4. Paralysis of resp. m.
116
What are 2 ways to dx Botulism?
1. Toxin in serum
| 2. toxin in food and stomach
117
C. Botulinum and toxins are select agents.
What does that mean?
bio-agents with potential to pose a severe threat to public health and safety
118
T/F. There is a vacc. available for Clostridium botulinum
T
119
Acute exogenous infections with necrotizing myositits caused by histotoxic clostridiaa C. chavoei
Blackleg in sheep
120
What spp. are affected by blackleg
Sheep and cows
121
What is the pathogenesis of blacklet
```
Infection through wounds
anaerobic environments
deposition of endospores
Dermination and multiplication
toxins causing tissue destruction
```
122
What causes the distinctive smell of black leg?
Fermentation of m. glycogen
123
What parts of the animal are affected with blackleg?
lg. mm. masses:
| Limbs, back, neck
124
What is another name for malignant oedema?
Gas gangrene
125
What causes gas gangrene
Clostridium novyi type A and B, and C. hemolyticum
126
What types of wounds can become infected with Gas gangrene?
Deep, anaerobic traumatic wounds
127
Prevention of malignant oedema?
Sx tx of wounds to remove any dead tissue and promote drainage
128
What does Clostridium novyi type A cause?
Gas gangrene
129
What does Clostridium novyi Type B cause?
Black Dz (infectious necrotic hepatitis)
130
What does Clostridium hemolyticum cause
Liver damage and bacilliary hemoglobinuria
131
T/F. the best way to dx Clostridium Septicum is though anaerobic culture
F. takes to longs, should do direct fluorescent ab. staining
132
Tx of Clostridium septicum
Penicillin
133
Control of Clostridium septicum
Vacc.
134
What is Braxy?
Abomasitis of sheep caused by exotoxins of C. septicum
135
What is Malignant edema?
exogenous infection through wound or endogenous through dormant spores present in m. tissues
136
What are some risk factors for C. septicum infectons?
1. IM inj.
2. Tail docking
3. Shearing
4. Parturition
5. Castration
137
What is the pathogenesis of C. septicum
Local Exotoxins > Excessive infam. > Edema > Necrosis > Gangrene
