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Bacteriology > Exam 3: Anaerobes > Flashcards

Exam 3: Anaerobes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 anaerobes in the group Neurotoxic Clostridia

A
  1. C. tetani

2. C. botulinim

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2
Q

What are the 5 Clostridum spp. of Vet importance?

A
  1. C. perfringens (type A-E)
  2. C. difficile
  3. C. spiroforme
  4. C. piliforme
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3
Q

Pathology of the intestine

A

Enteropathy

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4
Q

Absorption of lg. #s of toxins

A

Enterotoxemia

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5
Q

What are the 4 major toxins produced by Clostridium perfringens

A

Alpha, Beta, Iota, Epsilon

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6
Q

Which toxin is produced by all strains of Clostridium perfringens?

A

Alpha

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7
Q

Where is clostridium perfringens commonly found?

A

soil, poo, GIT,

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8
Q

Clostridium perfringens __, __, and __, May survive in soil as spores

A

B, C, D

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9
Q

What are the 3 predisposing factors for Clostridial proliferation in the SI?

A
  1. Poor husbandry
  2. Diet change
  3. Stress
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10
Q

Dz. caused by Clostridium perfringens that can affect many spp.of animals and results in sudden death, w/o C/S

A

Necrotizing haemorrhagic enteritis

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11
Q

What are the 6 Enterotoxeaemia Dzs caused by Clostridium perfringens Type B and C?

A
  1. Lamb dysentery
  2. Calf enterotoxaemia
  3. Pig enterotoxaemia
  4. Foal enterotoxaemia
  5. Struck
  6. Goat enterotoxaemia
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12
Q

What aged lambs are affected with lamb dysentery?

A

less than 3wks

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13
Q

What aged calves are effected with calf enterotoxaemia?

A

Well-fed calves less than 1 mo

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14
Q

What aged bigs are affected with pig enterotoxaemia?

A

Newborn

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15
Q

What aged foals are affected by foal enterotoxaemia?

A

Less than 12wks

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16
Q

What aged sheep are affected with struck?

A

Adults

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17
Q

What aged goats are affected with Goat enterotoxaemia

A

Adults

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18
Q

C. perfringens infection in lambs

A

Lamb dysentery

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19
Q

What C. perfringens strain causes lamb dysentery

A

Type B

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20
Q

C/S of lamb dysentery

A
  1. Abdominal distension and pain
  2. Bloody poo
  3. sudden death
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21
Q

What are the 3 factors predisposing sheep to lamb dysentery

A
  1. Low proteolytic activity in neonatal intestine
  2. Immature intestinal microbiota
  3. Dietary inflluences in older sheep
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22
Q

What are 2 reasons a lamb may have low proteolytic activity in their intestine causing lamb dysentery

A
  1. trypsin inhibitors from milk

2. low pancreatic secretion

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23
Q

What is another name for pulpy kidney dz in sheep

A

overeating dz

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24
Q

What type of C. perfringens causes overeating dz?

A

C. perfringens type D

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25
Q

What causes pulpy kidney dz in sheep?

A

gorging on a high grain diet or succulent pasture

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26
Q

What toxin is overproduced in pulpy kidney dz. leading to toxemia

A

Epsilon toxin

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27
Q

What are the C/S of overeating dz?

A
  1. encephalomalacia/ dullness
  2. Hyperglycemia and glycosuria
  3. fluid-distended intestine
  4. pulpy kidney
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28
Q

What are the 4 ways you can dx Pulpy kidney

A
  1. C/S
  2. Staining and micro. exam
  3. Anaerobic culture
  4. Toxin detection in GIT
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29
Q

Tx of Pulpy kidney

A

Hyperimmune serum given early

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30
Q

T/F C. difficile enterocolitis can affect humans

A

T

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31
Q

What organs become infected with C. difficile enterocolitis

A

Caecum and colon

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32
Q

What are the 3 risk factors of C. difficile enterocoitis

A
  1. Antibiotic use
    2 old age
  2. Hospitalization
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33
Q

T/F. Neonates are resistant and cannot spread C. difficile

A

F. Resistant, but may ccarry toxigenic strains

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34
Q

T/F. in C. difficile, Endospores are widespread and found in high numbers in tissues

A

F. Widespread, but low numbers in tissues

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35
Q

What are the 2 toxins produced by C. difficile enterocolitis

A
  1. Tox A: D+ mucosal dam.

2. Tox B: cytotoxin

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36
Q

How can C. difficile be transmitted?

A

Nosocomial

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37
Q

Imbalance of microbial homeostasis

A

Dysbiosis

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38
Q

C. _____ produces fatal colitis in humans, rodents, horses, pigs. . .

A

difficile

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39
Q

T/F C. difficile can be treated with broad-spectrum abx

A

F. will kill normal microbial flora and allow C. difficile to rapidly proliferate

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40
Q

What are the two ways to Dx C. difficile?

A
  1. Culture

2. Direct toxin detection

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41
Q

What media should be used when culturing c. difficile?

A

one that allows for germination of spores

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42
Q

Tx. options for C. difficile?

A
  1. Fluids
  2. Probiotics
  3. FMT
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43
Q

What abx. can you use to tx C. difficile in horses?

A

clindamycin

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44
Q

What is a FMT?

A

Fecal Microbial Transplantation, transfer stool from a healthy donor to infected GIT

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45
Q

What does Clostridium perfreingens type A cause

A
  1. Necrotic enteritis
  2. Necrotizing enterocolitis
  3. Canine haemorrhaic Gastroenteritis
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46
Q

What does Clostridium perfringens type B causes?

A
  1. Lamb dysentery

2. Haemorrhagic enteritis

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47
Q

What does Clostridium perfringens type C cause

A
  1. Struck
  2. Goat enterotoxaemia
  3. Haemorrhagic enteritis and enterotoxemia
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48
Q

What does Clostridium perfringens type D cause

A
  1. Pulp kidney

2. Enterotoxaemia

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49
Q

What does Clostridium perfringens type E causes?

A
  1. Haemorrhagic enterits
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50
Q

What does Clostridium difficile cause?

A

Colitis

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51
Q

What does Clostridium spiroforme cause?

A

Enterotoxemia and explosive diarrhea

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52
Q

What spp. are affected with Clostridium spiroforme

A

Rabbits

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53
Q

What does Clostridium piliforme cause

A

Tyzzer’s Dz

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54
Q

What causes Enterotoxemia and Explosive Diarrheal dz in rabbits?

A

Clostridium spiroforme

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55
Q

Which Antimicrobials are contraindicated in rabits with Enterotoxemia due to their selective effect on G+ bacteria

A
  1. Lincomycin
  2. Clindamycin
  3. Erythromycin
56
Q

What Bacterium causes Tyzzer’s Dz?

A

Gram negative Clostridium piliforme

57
Q

Dz. characterized by acute, fatal, D+ in lab animals associated with focal liver necrosis

A

Tyzzers Dz

58
Q

what are predisposing factors of Tyzzers dz

A
  1. poor sanitation

2. stress

59
Q

C/S.. of Tyzzer’s dz

A
  1. D+
  2. Anorexia
  3. dehydration
  4. Lethargy
  5. Death
60
Q

Tx of Tyzzer’s dz

A

Oxytetracycline

61
Q

Gram (-), Non-spore forming bacteria

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum

62
Q

What diseases is caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum

A
  1. Foot rot
  2. Necrotic laryngitis
  3. Liver abscess
63
Q

Where are Fusobacterium commensals?

A
  1. Resp tract
  2. GIT
  3. Genital tract
64
Q

Fusobacterium necrophorum are synergistic with what two bacterium?

A
  1. Trueperella pyogens

2. Dichelobacter nodosus

65
Q

2 ways to Dx Fusobacterium necrophorum

A
  1. Anaerobic culture

2. PCR

66
Q

Tx of foot rot?

A
  1. Remove necrotic skin
  2. Antiseptic foot baths
  3. Antimicrobials
67
Q

What Antimicrobials can be used to tx Foot rot?

A
  1. penicillin
  2. metronidazole
  3. Clindamycin
  4. chloramphenicol
68
Q

T/F. obligate anaerobes do not tolerate oxygen

A

T

69
Q

Where are obligate anaerobes commonly found?

A

GIT

70
Q

T/F All anaerobes are gram negative

A

F. gram negative or positive

71
Q

Gram positive, spore forming, anaerobes

A

Clostridium

72
Q

Anaerobic infections are mostly of _____ origin

A

Endogenous

73
Q

Large, Gram positive, anaerobic bacterial rods

A

Clostridium

74
Q

T/F. Clostridium spp are motile

A

T

75
Q

Which clostridium spp is not motile

A

C. perfringens

76
Q

T/F. clostridium is non spore forming

A

F.

77
Q

Where is clostridium spp commonly found?

A

soil, GIT

78
Q

_____ toxin from C. perfringens is one of the most lethal toxins and considered as bioterrorism agent

A

Epsilon

79
Q

What are the 3 classificatons of clostridium spp.

A
  1. neurotoxic clostridia
  2. Histotoxic clostridia
  3. Enteropathogenic and enterotoxaemia producing clostridia
80
Q

What are the 2 members of the Neurotoxic clostridia group?

A
  1. C. tetani

2. C. botulinum

81
Q

What are the 5 members of the Histotoxic clostridia group?

A
  1. C. chauvoei
  2. C. septicum
  3. C. novjii type A and B
  4. C. haemolyticum
  5. Sordelli
82
Q

What are the two members of the Enteropathogenic clostridia group?

A
  1. C. perfringens

2. C. difficle

83
Q

Group of clostridia that cause localized lesions in m. and liver causing toxemia

A

Histotoxic clostridia

84
Q

Group of clostridia that affect neuromuscular function w/o inducing observable tissue damage

A

Neurotoxic clostridia

85
Q

____ is a common predisposing factor for host response to clostridial infection

A

Necrosis

86
Q

What are the 7 spp. of Clostridium of vet. imprtance?

A
  1. C. tetani
  2. C. botulinum
  3. C. chauvoei
  4. C. septicum
  5. C. novyi type A-B
  6. C. perfringens
  7. C. difficle
87
Q

Which chlostridial spp causes Blackleg in ruminants?

A

C. chauvoei

88
Q

Which chlostridial spp causes Tetanus horses and humans

A

C. tetani

89
Q

Which chlostridial spp causes Malignant oedema in sheep

A

C. Septicum

90
Q

Which chlostridial spp causes Infectious necrotic hepatitis in sheep?

A

C. novyi type a and b

91
Q

Which chlostridial spp causes Botulism in a wide range of animals?

A

C. botulinum

92
Q

Acute, potentially fatal intoxication with neurotoxic clostridia causing spastic paralysis

A

Tetanus

93
Q

Where is Clostridium tetani commonly found?

A

Soil and poo

94
Q

Where does Clostridium tetani grow in the animal?

A

contaminated wounds

95
Q

Potent neurotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani.

A

Tetanospasmin

96
Q

Hemolysin that destroys tissues and is produced by Clostridium tetani

A

Tetanolysin

97
Q

What are the two types of tetani?

A
  1. Ascending

2. Descending

98
Q

What is Ascending Tetani?

A

Toxin travels from regional motor n. in the limb to other parts of the body

99
Q

What is Descending tetani?

A

Toxin in the blood affects motor n. centers in the brain and then spreads to the limbs

100
Q

Which spp. experience Ascending tetani?

A

Less susceptible spp. like dogs and cats

101
Q

Which spp. experiences Descending tetani?

A

Susceptible spp. like horse and humans

102
Q

What is the incubation period for tetanus?

A

5-10 days

103
Q

What is latent tetanus

A

When wound at the site of infection is healed

104
Q

C/S of tetanus

A
  1. Stiffness
  2. Localized spasms
  3. Altered heart and resp. rate
  4. Dysphagia (trouble swallowing)
105
Q

Administered promptly to neutralize unbound toxin

A

Antitoxin

106
Q

given to Promotes active immune response

A

Toxoid

107
Q

Tx. of Clostridium tetani?

A
  1. Antitoxin
  2. Toxoid
  3. Anti-Tetanus equine serum
  4. Lg. dose of penicillin
  5. Sx
108
Q

T/F. There is a vacc. available for Tetanus

A

T

109
Q

T/F. All horses should be immunized for Clostridium tetani.

A

T

110
Q

Serious, potentially fatal intoxication by ingestion of pre-formed neurotoxin

A

Botulism

111
Q

____ Toxin is the most powerful exotoxin and inhibits neurotransmitter release, causing flaccid paralysis

A

Botulinum

112
Q

What is the diff. between tetanus and botulinum toxin?

A

Tetanus toxin travels up the n. axon to the ventral horn, whereas botulinum toxin remains at the NMJ

113
Q

What are the 4 types of Botulism in humans?

A
  1. Foodborne botulism
  2. Wound botulism
  3. Infant botulism
  4. Inhalation botulism
114
Q

When do c/S of botulism appear?

A

3-17 days

115
Q

C/S of Botulism

A
  1. Dilated pupil
  2. Dry mucus memb. and dec. salivation
  3. Tongue flaccidity
  4. Paralysis of resp. m.
116
Q

What are 2 ways to dx Botulism?

A
  1. Toxin in serum

2. toxin in food and stomach

117
Q

C. Botulinum and toxins are select agents.

What does that mean?

A

bio-agents with potential to pose a severe threat to public health and safety

118
Q

T/F. There is a vacc. available for Clostridium botulinum

A

T

119
Q

Acute exogenous infections with necrotizing myositits caused by histotoxic clostridiaa C. chavoei

A

Blackleg in sheep

120
Q

What spp. are affected by blackleg

A

Sheep and cows

121
Q

What is the pathogenesis of blacklet

A 
Infection through wounds
anaerobic environments
deposition of endospores
Dermination and multiplication
toxins causing tissue destruction
122
Q

What causes the distinctive smell of black leg?

A

Fermentation of m. glycogen

123
Q

What parts of the animal are affected with blackleg?

A

lg. mm. masses:

Limbs, back, neck

124
Q

What is another name for malignant oedema?

A

Gas gangrene

125
Q

What causes gas gangrene

A

Clostridium novyi type A and B, and C. hemolyticum

126
Q

What types of wounds can become infected with Gas gangrene?

A

Deep, anaerobic traumatic wounds

127
Q

Prevention of malignant oedema?

A

Sx tx of wounds to remove any dead tissue and promote drainage

128
Q

What does Clostridium novyi type A cause?

A

Gas gangrene

129
Q

What does Clostridium novyi Type B cause?

A

Black Dz (infectious necrotic hepatitis)

130
Q

What does Clostridium hemolyticum cause

A

Liver damage and bacilliary hemoglobinuria

131
Q

T/F. the best way to dx Clostridium Septicum is though anaerobic culture

A

F. takes to longs, should do direct fluorescent ab. staining

132
Q

Tx of Clostridium septicum

A

Penicillin

133
Q

Control of Clostridium septicum

A

Vacc.

134
Q

What is Braxy?

A

Abomasitis of sheep caused by exotoxins of C. septicum

135
Q

What is Malignant edema?

A

exogenous infection through wound or endogenous through dormant spores present in m. tissues

136
Q

What are some risk factors for C. septicum infectons?

A
  1. IM inj.
  2. Tail docking
  3. Shearing
  4. Parturition
  5. Castration
137
Q

What is the pathogenesis of C. septicum

A

Local Exotoxins > Excessive infam. > Edema > Necrosis > Gangrene

Bacteriology (31 decks)

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