Exam 1: Treatment and Control of Bacterial/Fungal Infections Flashcards
Compounds that disinfect living tissue
Antiseptics
Compounds that disinfect non-living surfaces
Disinfectants
A validated process used to render a product free of microorganisms, including all bacterial endospores
Sterilization
Elimination of most if not all pathogenic microorganisms excluding spores
Disinfection
Reductionof pathogenic microorganisms to a level where items are “safe to handle” without protective attire
Decontamination
Drugs that destroy microbes, prevent their multiplication or growth or prevent their pathogenic effect.
Antimicrobials
Who discovered penicillin?
Alexander Fleming
A low molecular substance produced by a microorganism that at a low conc. inhibits or kills other microorganisms.
Antibiotic
Any substance of natural, semisynthetic, or synthetic origin that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms but cause little or no damage to the host
Antimicrobials
T/F. All antimicrobials are antibiotics, but not all antibiotics are antimicrobials.
F. All antibiotics are antimicrobials, but not all antimicrobials are antibiotics
What is a natural antimicrobial?
Produced by bacteria or fungus
What is a semi-synthetic antimicrobial?
Chemically- altered natural compound
What is a synthetic antimicrobial?
chemically designed in the lab
What are 4 ways of classifying of antimicrobial agents?
- Chemical family structure
- Mode of action
- Type of antimicrobial activity
- Spectrum of antimicrobial activity
What are the 4 antimicrobial classes based on mode of action?
- Cell wall/memb.
- Protein synthesis
- Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors
- Targets erfosterols in the cell wall- antifungal drugs
Drugs active against both gram positive and gram negative organisms
Broad Spectrum antimicrobials
Drugs that have limited activity and are primarily only useful against particular species of microorganisms
Narrow spectrum antibacterials
What are Bactericidal drugs?
kills bacteria
What are bacteriostatic drugs?
inhibits bacterial growth
What are the 2 non-therapuetic uses of antimicrobials?
- Growth promotion
2. prophylactic or metaphylactic use
A lab. test to determine whether a bacteria is susceptible to a particular antimicrobial agent
Antimicrobial Susceptibility testing (AST)
What are the two types of AST?
- Disk diffusion test (kirby bauer test)
2. Broth/Agar Dilution Test
What is minimum inhibitory concentration?
Minimum amt. of drug required to inhibit bacterial growth
What is a susceptibility break pt?
a drug conc. above which an organism is considered resistant and at or below this value organism is susceptible to that drug
What are the 3 break point values
susceptible, intermediate, or resistant
What is another name for a disk diffusion test?
Kirby bauer
What do you use to perform a disk diffusion?
Must use a bacterial isolate in pure culture
What is an E test?
Gradient diffusion test that uses diffusion and dilution
fate of the drug in the body
Pharmacokinetics
Effect of the drug on the body, mechanism of action and efficacy
Pharmacodynamics.
What 4 factors effect selection of antimicrobial drugs for tx.
- Pharmacodynamics
- pharmacokinetics
- time dependent killing
- conc. dependent killing
what are the 4 reasons we use antimicrobial combinations?
- To obtain antimicrobial synergism
- To treat polymicrobial infections
- To dec. the emergence of antimicrobial resistance
- To reduce drug toxicity
What are the 2 types of antimicrobial resistance?
- Innate resistance
2. Acquired resistance
Most antifungal drugs act on ___ present in the cell memb.
Sterols
What are 4 examples of antifungal drugs
- Polyene Antifungal Drugs
- Azole Antifungal Drugs
- Allylamine and Morpholine Antifungal drugs
- Antimetabolite antifungal drugs
