Endocrine (Pt. 2) Flashcards
As FSH follicles mature, what do they produce? What does that cause to get ready and for what? (2)
- They produce estrogen
- Eggs are readied for ovulation
In males, what does FSH stimulate by what? (2)
- Stimulates sperm development
- By the testes
What does luteinizing hormone trigger from what? What does it do to the ruptured follicle to become what? What does it then stimulate to produce two things? (3)
- Triggers ovulation of an egg from the female ovary
- Causes the ruptured follicles to become the corpus luteum
- It then stimulates the corpus luteum to produce progesterone and some estrogen
What is the luteinizing hormone (LH) referred to as? What kind of production does it stimulate by what of the what? (2)
- Referred to as Interstitial Cell-Stimulating Hormone (ICSH)
- It stimulates testoserone production by the intertestitial cells of the testes
What is the “master endocrine gland”? What does it control? (Pituitary - Hypothalamus Relationship)
The anterior pituitary gland that controls many other endocrine glands
What happens to the body of the “master endocrine gland” is removed or destroyed? (Pituitary - Hypothalamus Relationship)
Its removal or destruction has a dramatic effect on the body
What does the hypothalamus control?
It is the structure that controls the anterior pituitary
What does the hypothalamus control of the anterior pituitary gland? How does it do that? (2)
- Controls the hormones of the anterior pituitary gland
- By using releasing and inhibiting hormones that it produces
How many hormones does the thyroid gland produce?
Produces two hormones
What kind of rate does the thyroid gland control? What is that then converted into? (2)
- Controls the rate at which glucose is burned or oxidized
- And converted into body heat and chemical energy
What is calcitonin aid in the lowering of what? What is it released by? (2)
- It’s a hormone that aids in the lowering of blood calcium
- Released by the thyroid
What is the parathyroid gland made up out of? What posterior surface is it found on? (2)
- Tiny masses of tissue
- Found on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
What is the function of the parathyroid gland? What is this the most important regulator of? (2)
- The function is to secrete parathormone (PTH)
- The most important regulator of (Ca2+) calcium ions
How are the adrenal glands shaped? What do they curve over? (2)
- Two bean shaped adrenal glands
- Curve over the top of the kidneys
What does the hormone of the adrenal gland produce? What are they collectively called? (2)
- Three major groups of steroid hormones
- Collectively called corticosteroids
What are the three major groups of steroid hormones (collectively called corticosteroids) produced by the hormones of the adrenal glands?(3)
- Mineralcorticoids
- Glucocorticoids
- Sex hormones
What are mineralocorticoids mainly made out of?
They are produced by the other most what cell layer? (2)
- Mainly aldosterone
- Produced by the other most adrenal cortex cell layer
What are mineralocorticoids important in regulating of the blood? What two ions do they regulate? (2)
- Are important in regulating the mineral (salt) content of the blood
- They regulate the sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) ions
Where are glucocorticoids produced, in the middle of what layer, with what two other things? (2)
- Produced in the middle of the corticol layer
- Along with cortisone and cortisol
What do glucocorticoids promote? What do they help the body to resist? Primarily by increasing what levels? (3)
- Promote normal cell metabolism
- Help the body to resist long term stressors
- Primarily by increasing blood glucose leves
What is adrenaline also called? What is norepinephrine also called? (2)
- Epinephrine
- Noradrenaline
What happens whey you are threatened physically or emotionally? What response does your sympathetic nervous system bring about? To help with what? (2)
- Your sympathetic nervous system brings about the “flight or fight” response
- To help you cope with the stressful situation
What does insulin act on? To increase the ability of the cell to transport what across the cell membrane? (2)
- Acts on all body cells
- To increase the ability of the cell to transport glucose across the cell membrane
Once inside the cell what is the two things glucose is used for? What is it converted into for what? (2)
- Once inside the cell, glucose is used for energy
- Or converted to glycogen or fat for storage
What kind of hormone is insulin?
Insulin is a hypoglycemic hormone
What is glucagon?
Hyperglycemic
What is the target organ of glucagon that it stimulates? What does it break down into what? What does it release into the blood? (3)
- Its target organ is the liver which it stimulates
- To break down stored glycogen to glucose
- And to release the glucose into the blood
What is the pineal gland? Where is it found on the brain? (2)
- A small gland
- Found on the third ventricle of the brain
What is the function of the pineal gland (to secrete what hormone)?
Its function is to secrete the hormone melatonin
What kind of “trigger” is melatonin the body? What cycle does it establish? (2)
- Is the body’s sleep trigger
- Establishes the day/night cycle
What organs are ovaries? What cavity are they located in? (2)
- Paired almond sized organs
- Located in the pelvic cavity
What are the female sex cells that the ovaries produce? What two groups of steroid hormones do the ovaries produce? (2)
- Female sex cells: ova, or eggs
- Estrogen and progesterone
What is estrogen produced by what folicles of the ovaries? What development of what characteristics do they stimulate of the females? (2)
- Produced by the graafian folicles of the ovaries
- Stimulate the development of the secondary sex characteristics of the females
What does the estrogen work with to prepare the uterus to receive what? It results in what changes in the uterine lining? Called what cycle? (4)
- The estrogen works with the progesterone
- To prepare the uterus to receive a fertilized egg
- Results in cyclic changes in the uterine lining
- Called the menstrual cycle
During pregnancy, what does progesterone help to quiet? So that the implanted embryo will not be what? (2)
- During pregnancy progesterone help to quiet the muscle of the uterus
- So that an implanted embryo will not be aborted
What does pregnancy help prepare the breast tissue for? Produced in large amounts by another what of the ovaries, the what? (3)
- Helps prepare breast tissue for lactation
- Produced in large amounts by another glandular structure of the ovaries
- The corpus luteum
What type of characteristics does testosterone cause the development of in males?
Causes the development of the male’s secondary sex characteristics
What are the types of male’s secondary sex characteristics that are caused by testosterone in the development of males? (4)
- Growth of the beard
- Development of heavy bones and muscles
- Lowering of the voice
- Stimulates the male sex drive
What is the adulthood testosterone necessary for the continuous production of what?
The adulthood testosterone is necessary for the continuous production of sperm
