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Honors Anatomy > Blood and Lymphatic System (Pt. 2) > Flashcards

Blood and Lymphatic System (Pt. 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Under the microscope, how do platelets appear? What is normal platelet count in the blood? (2)

A
  • Appear as darkly stained irregular shaped bodies among other blood cells
  • 300,000/mm3
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2
Q

What are platelets needed for?

A

Needed for the clotting process that occurs in plasma when blood vessels are ruptured or broken

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3
Q

What will blood flow smoothly past?

A

Past an intact lining (endothelium) of blood vessel walls

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4
Q

What happnes when a blood vessel wall breaks? What does homeostasis mean for blood? (2)

A
  • A series of reactions is set into motion to accomplish homeostasis
  • Meaning “blood standing still”
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5
Q

What are three major phases of homeostasis that occur in rapid sequence? (3)

A
  • The platelet plug
  • Vascular spasms occur
  • Coagulation events occur
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6
Q

What is thombus? What happens if a thombus is too large? (2)

A
  • Clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel
  • Prevent blood flow to the cells beyond the blockage
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7
Q

What happens if a thombus forms in the blood vessels serving the heart?

A

Consequences may be death of heart muscle and fatal heart attack

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8
Q

What does hemophilia apply to? What do they result from? What can result in prolonged bleeding? (3)

A
  • Applies to several different hereditary bleeding disorders
  • Result from a lack of any of the factors needed for clotting
  • Minor tissue trauma results in prolonged bleeding and can be life threatening
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9
Q

What are antigens? What do they stimulate the immune system to do? (2)

A
  • Substances that the body recognizes as foreign
  • Stimulates it to release antibodies or use other means to mount a defense against it
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10
Q

What kind of antigens can we tolerate? What would happen if we received another’s with different RBC antigens? (2)

A
  • We can tolerate our own cellular antigens
  • They would be recognized as foreign
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11
Q

ABO blood groups are based on which of two antigens a person inherits? What happens when there is a presence of both? What happens when there is an absence of both antigens? (3)

A
  • Type A or Type B
  • Type AB
  • Type O
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12
Q

As blood travels throughout the body, gases, nutrients, and wastes exchange between blood and what fluid? What do lyphatic vessels do to the fluids?

A
  • Interstitial fluid
  • Responsible for slurping up the fluids
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13
Q

As blood travels throughout the body, gases, nutrients, and wastes exchange between blood and what fluid? What do lymphatic vessels do to the fluids?

A
  • Interstitial fluid
  • Responsible for slurping up the fluids (called lymph)
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14
Q

What happens if too many bacteria or viruses are trapped in the nodes? A cancerous lymph node will be swollen, but not… (2)

A
  • The nodes become inflamed
  • But not painful
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15
Q

What does the spleen filter? What does the spleen not filter? What does it destroy and returns what products to the liver? (3)

A
  • Filters blood of bacteria, viruses, and debris
  • Does not filter lymph
  • Destroys worn out red blood cells and returns breakdown products to the liver
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16
Q

What does the spleen store? What kind of reservoir is it? (2)

A
  • Stores platelets
  • Blood reservoir
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17
Q

In a hemorrhage, blood from what is secreted? In a fetus, what does the spleen form? In an adult, what does the spleen form? (3)

A
  • Blood from spleen and liver is secreted
  • Forms blood cells
  • In an adult, forms lymphocytes
18
Q

When is the thymus mainly active? What hormone does it produce?

A
  • Active mainly in childhood
  • Produces the hormone thymosin
19
Q

What does the thymus function in programming? What do the lymphocytes distinguish between? (2)

A
  • Functions in the programming of lymphocytes
  • Distinguish between our own cells and foreign cells
20
Q

What do tonsils do?

A
  • Trap and remove and bacteria or other foreign pathogens
21
Q

Where are Peyer’s Patches located in? Where is the appendix located? (2)

A
  • Located in distal part of small intestine
  • Located as an offshoot of the large intestine
22
Q

What is MALT? What is part of MALT? What do they all do? (3)

A
  • Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
  • Tonsils, Peyer’s patches, and the appendix
  • All do essentially the same thing
23
Q
  • Skin
  • Mucous membranes
  • Secretions of skin and mucous membranes
    What line of defense is this? (2)
A
  • First line of defense
  • Innate (nonspecific)
24
Q
  • Phagocytic cells
  • Natural killer cells
  • Antimicrobial proteins
  • Inflammatory response
  • Fever
    What line of defense is this?
A

Second line of defense

25
Q
  • Lymphocytes
  • Antibodies
  • Macrophages and other antigen-presenting cells
    What line of defense is this? (2)
A
  • Adaptive (specific)
  • Third line of defense
26
Q

When is the inflammatory response triggered?

A

Triggered when body tissue is injured

27
Q

What do histamines do to blood vessels and the capillaries? What do they activate? What do the do to the phagocytes and WBC’s? (3)

A
  • Cause blood vessels to dilate and capillaries to become leaky
  • Activate pain receptors
  • Attract phagocytes and WBC’s to the area
28
Q

Inflammatory response: WBC’s flatten out and squeeze through the capillary walls? What does this happen in response to?

A
  • Diapedesis
  • Happens in response to histamine being released
29
Q

Proteins that interfere with a virus’ ability to reproduce is called what?

A

Interferon

30
Q

Bacteria require large amounts of iron and zinc to multiply leading to what? During a fever, the liver and spleen do what? What rate does it increase of the tissue cells, and speeding up what? (3)

A
  • Fever
  • Liver and spleen gather up nutrients making them less available
  • Increases the metabolic rate of tissue cells, speeding up the repair process
31
Q

What do B-cells produce? What do T-cells not produce? What do T-cells recognize? What do they call in?

A
  • Produce antibodies
  • Don’t produce antibodies
  • Recognize foreign antigens
  • Call in other cells to take it out
32
Q

What are benefits of vaccines? (2)

A
  • Spare us signs and symptoms of the primary response of a disease
  • Promote immunological memory to weaken further antigens
33
Q

Examples of diseases that have vaccines

A
  • Smallpox
  • Pneumonia
  • Polio
  • Tetanus
  • Diphtheria
  • Whooping cough
  • Measles
34
Q

How long can memory cells exist after initial immune response? Enable the body to respond how?

A
  • May exist years after
  • Quickly and efficiently to future infecions
35
Q

What disease destroys pancreatic beta cells resulting in deficient production of insulin?

A

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

36
Q

What disease is a systemic disease that occurs mainly in young women, affecting the kidney, heart, lungs, and skin?

A

Systemic lupus erythematosus

37
Q

What disease severely impaired kidney function?

A

Glomerulonephritis

38
Q

When does acute hypersensitivity occur? What symptoms appear? What contracts? (3)

A
  • When allergen is inhaled
  • Asthma symptoms appear
  • Bonchides contract
39
Q

Treatment for allergies, when does it start to work? How long does it last? (3)

A
  • Antihistimines
  • Works within seconds
  • Lasts for 30 minutes
40
Q

What causes delayed hypersensitivities?

A

Allergic contact dermatitis

41
Q

Allergic contact dermatitis examples (4)

A
  • poison ivy
  • lead and mercury
  • cosmetics
  • deodorants
42
Q

What do allergic contact dermatitis agents do to the skin? What do they do to proteins and how are they perceived? What happens when a tuberculosis test is positive?

A
  • Agents get into the skin
  • Bind to proteins and perceived as foreign
  • Hard lesions form if a person is positive

Honors Anatomy (30 decks)

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