Bone and Bone Tissue

Question 1

What is cartilage tissue?

Answer 1

Makes skeletal cartilage

Question 2

What does cartilage consist of? What does the consistency of it help with while being compressed? (3)

Answer 2

• Consists primarily of water
• High water content accounts for its resilience
• Helps with its ability to spring back to its original shape after being compressed

Question 3

What is the perichondrium? What does it act like? What does it resist? (2)

Answer 3

• Acts like a girdle
• Resists outward expansion with the cartilage is compressed

Question 4

What does the perichondrium contain?

Answer 4

Contains the blood vessels from which nutrients diffuse through the matrix to reach the cartilage cells

Question 5

What are the three types of cartilage?

Answer 5

• Hyaline cartilage
• Elastic cartilage
• Fibrocartilage

Question 6

What does hyaline cartilage look like? What does it make up in the embryo? (2)

Answer 6

• Looks like frosted glass when freshly exposed
• Makes up long bones in the embryo

Question 7

What does the hyaline cartilage provide? What type of skeletal cartilage is it? (2)

Answer 7

• Provides support and flexibility and resilience
• Most abundant type of skeletal cartilage

Question 8

(Hyaline cartilage) Articular cartilage

Answer 8

Covers the ends of most bones at moveable joints

Question 9

(Hyaline cartilage) Costal cartilage

Answer 9

Connects the ribs to the sternum

Question 10

(Hyaline cartilage) Respiratory cartilage, what does it reinforce? (2)

Answer 10

• Forms the skeleton of the larynx (voice box)
• Reinforces other respiratory passageways

Question 11

(Hyaline cartilage) Nasal cartilage

Answer 11

Supports the external nose

Question 12

What does elastic cartilage look like? What does it contain? (2)

Answer 12

• Looks very much like hyaline cartilage
• But contain more stretchy elastic fibers

Question 13

What can elastic cartilage stand up to?

Answer 13

Is better able to stand up to repeated bending

Question 14

Where is elastic cartilage found? (3)

Answer 14

• Found only in two locations in the human body:
• External ear
• Epiglottis

Question 15

What is fibrocartilage able to do? (2)

Answer 15

• Highly compressible
• Has great tensile strength (able to be stretched)

Question 16

Where does fibrocartilage occur?

Answer 16

Occurs in sites that are subjected to both heavy pressure and stretch

Question 17

Examples of where fibrocartilage occurs: (2)

Answer 17

• Pad-like cartilages (menisci) of the knee
• The disks between the vertebrae

Question 18

What are the menisci?

Answer 18

Pad-like cartilages, can be found in the knee

Question 19

What are the external surfaces of the bones rarely?

Answer 19

The external surfaces of bones are rarely smooth and featureless

Question 20

Bone markings (2)

Answer 20

• Projections
• Depressions

Question 21

What is the epiphyseal plate?

Answer 21

Where the bone increases

Question 22

What is the foramen? What passes through it? (2)

Answer 22

• Round or oval bone in the hole
• Nerves and blood vessels pass through it

Question 23

What is compact bone? What does it look like? (3)

Answer 23

• The external layer
• Dense
• Looks smooth, solid, and homogeneous

Question 24

What is spongy bone? What is found in it? (3)

Answer 24

• The internal layer
• Where marrow is found
• Trabeculae is found

Question 25

What are trabeculae? (2)

Answer 25

• Little beams
• A honeycomb of small needle-like or flat pieces

Question 26

What are living bones? What are they filled with?

Answer 26

Open spaces between the trabeculae are filled with red and yellow bone marrow

Question 27

What shapes and sizes do bones come in? Examples: (3)

Answer 27

• Bones come in many sizes and shapes
• The tiny pisiform bone of the wrist is the size of a pea
• The femur, or thigh bone, is nearly 2 feet long and has a large ball-shaped head

Question 28

What are the four groups of bones?

Answer 28

• Long
• Short
• Flat
• Irregular

Question 29

How are short bones shaped?

Answer 29

Are generally cube-shaped

Question 30

What do short bones contain?

Answer 30

Contain mostly spongy bone

Question 31

In what locations are there short bones? (2)

Answer 31

• Wrist
• Ankle

Question 32

What features do flat bones have? (3)

Answer 32

• Thin
• Flattened
• Usually curved

Question 33

What kind of layers do flat bones and what is in between those layers? (2)

Answer 33

• They have two thin layers of compact bone
• Sandwiching a layer of spongy bone between them

Question 34

Where are flat bones located? (3)

Answer 34

Most bones of the:
- ribs
- sternum
- skull
are flat bones

Question 35

What are osteocytes? (2)

Answer 35

• Mature bone cells found in the lacunae
• Tiny cavities within the matrix

Question 36

What are lacunae arranged in?

Answer 36

Arranged in concentric circles called lamellae around central (Haversian) canals

Question 37

What are lamellae?

Answer 37

Lacunae arranged in concentric circles

Question 38

What are Haversian canals?

Answer 38

Central canals that are in the middle of concentric circles

Question 39

What is the osteon?

Answer 39

Haversian system

Question 40

What does the osteon complex (Haversian system) consist of?

Answer 40

Each complex consists of a central canal and matrix rings

Question 41

How does the osteon (Haversian system) run? What do they carry and what areas of the bone? (3)

Answer 41

• Run lengthwise through the bony matrix
• Carrying blood vessels and nerves
• To all areas of the bone

Question 42

What are canaliculi? Where do they radiate and where to? (3)

Answer 42

• Tiny canals
• That radiate outward from the central canals
• To all the lacunae

Question 43

What do the canaliculi form?

Answer 43

Form a transportation system

Question 44

What do the canaliculi connect and to what do they connect and through what? (2)

Answer 44

• Connects all the bone cells to the nutrient supply
• Through the hard bone matrix