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NUR 409 Pharmacotherapeutics > Drugs and Classes > Flashcards

Drugs and Classes Flashcards

1
Q

captopril

A

RAAS - ACE inhibitor
hyperkalemia, orthostatic hypoTN, angioedema, persistent cough, neutropenia
cardioprotection

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2
Q

norepinephrine

A

adrenergic agonist
necrosis, tachycardia, HTN
monitor urine output, extremity perfusion
short half life

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3
Q

lovastatin

A

dislipidemia halt formation of VLDL, LDL
hepatotoxic, myopathic
rhabdomyolysis
avoid: grapefruit juice

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4
Q

atenolol

A 
β1 blocker slows HR, lowers BP
bradycardia, hypoTN, masked hypoglycemia d/t blocked adrenaline
HOLD if HR<50
do not abruptly discontinue
cardioprotection
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5
Q

losartan

A

RAAS - angiotensin II antagonist (ARB)

hyperkalemia, orthostatic hypoTN, angioedema

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6
Q

propranolol

A

β1, β2 blocker slows HR, lowers BP, bronchoconstricts
bradycardia, hypoTN, masked hypoglycemia d/t blocked adrenaline, bronchoconstriction!
HOLD if HR<50; contraindicated for pts w/resp dz
do not abruptly discontinue
cardioprotection

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7
Q

epinephrine

A

adrenergic agonist, combined w/local anesthetic
increases HR, BP, contractile force, bronchodilates, vasoconstricts
effects last 10-20mins
monitor urine output, extremity perfusion

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8
Q

nitroglycerin

A

anti-angina - widespread vasodilation at onset
headache (common), orthostatic hypoTN, reflex tachycardia, tolerance–>rest period needed
3 pill max, 5min b/w each
avoid: erectile dysfunction meds

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9
Q

digoxin

A

afib, heart failure - lower HR, increased contractile force
bradycardia, disrhythmias
toxicity: (early) N/V/anorexia, (late) yellow/halo vision, bradydysrhythmias, altered mental status, syncope
avoid: diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, antacids
must maintain nml K levels
hold if apical HR<60

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10
Q

lisinopril

A

RAAS - ACE inhibitor
hyperkalemia, orthostatic hypoTN, angioedema, persistent cough
cardioprotection

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11
Q

labetalol

A

β1, β2, and α1 blocker slows HR, lowers BP, bronchoconstricts, vasodilates

bradycardia, hypoTN, masked hypoglycemia d/t blocked adrenaline, bronchoconstriction
HOLD if HR<50; contraindicated for pts w/resp dz
do not abruptly discontinue
cardioprotection

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12
Q

mannitol

A

emergency diuretic reduces intracranial pressure/cerebral edema
may cause: heart failure, rebound intracranial pressure, metabolic acidosis, crackles
must be kept warm, used with filter d/t crystallization

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13
Q

carvedilol

A

β1, β2, and α1 blocker slows HR, lowers BP, bronchoconstricts, vasodilates

bradycardia, hypoTN, masked hypoglycemia d/t blocked adrenaline, bronchoconstriction
HOLD if HR<50; contraindicated for pts w/resp dz
do not abruptly discontinue
cardioprotection

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14
Q

enalapril

A

RAAS - ACE inhibitor
hyperkalemia, orthostatic hypoTN, angioedema, persistent cough
cardioprotection

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15
Q

dobutamine

A

adrenergic agonist
necrosis, tachycardia, HTN
increased cardiac workload
monitor urine output, extremity perfusion

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16
Q

furosemide

A

diuretic for edema or heart failure (too strong for HTN)
hypokalemia: fatigue, cramps, palpitations, N/V
tinnitus!!, hyperglycemia

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17
Q

atorvastatin

A

dislipidemia halt formation of VLDL, LDL
hepatotoxic, myopathic
rhabdomyolysis
avoid: grapefruit juice

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18
Q

diltiazem

A

calcium channel blocker - decrease BP, HR
HTN, angina pectoris, CCBS: peripheral edema, bradycardia, syncope
avoid: grapefruit juice

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19
Q

nifedipine

A

calcium channel blocker - decrease BP
HTN, angina pectoris, peripheral edema, syncope
avoid: grapefruit juice

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20
Q

niacin/nicotinic acid

A 
vitamin B3 (meat) - increases HDL, decreases LDL
intense flushing of the face, GI issues
may take aspirin 30min prior to admin
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21
Q

nitroprusside

A

HTN crisis - drastic drop in BP
must be protected from light
may cause cyanide poisoning

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22
Q

hydrochlorothiazide

A

diuretic, 1st drug of choice for HTN
hypokalemia: fatigue, cramps, palpitations, N/V
hyperglycemia

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23
Q

clonidine

A

anti-HTN
drowsiness, dry mouth
avoid: other CNS depressants

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24
Q

metaprolol

A 
β1 blocker slows HR, lowers BP
bradycardia, hypoTN, masked hypoglycemia d/t blocked adrenaline
HOLD if HR<50
do not abruptly discontinue
cardioprotection
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25
dopamine
adrenergic agonist necrosis, tachycardia, HTN monitor urine output, extremity perfusion
26
simvastatin
dislipidemia halt formation of VLDL, LDL hepatotoxic, myopathic rhabdomyolysis avoid: grapefruit juice
27
rosuvastatin
dislipidemia halt formation of VLDL, LDL hepatotoxic, myopathic rhabdomyolysis avoid: grapefruit juice
28
amiodarone
cardiac dysrhythmias baseline testing needed dysrhythmias, hepatotoxicity, pulmonary toxicity, thyroid dysfunction, photosensitivity, visual disturbances
29
adenosine
IV push anti-dysrhythmic stops the heart short half life resuscitation equipment on hand avoid: caffeine
30
isosorbide mononitrate
anti-angina - prophylactic widespread vasodilation headache (common), orthostatic hypoTN, reflex tachycardia, tolerance-->rest period needed avoid: crushing med, erectile dysfunction meds
31
spironolactone
diuretic increases potassium levels-->hyperkalemia: arrhythmias, fatigue, cramps, palpitations, N/V may cause endocrine issues avoid: K rich foods, salt substitutes
32
verapamil
calcium channel blocker - decrease BP, HR HTN, angina pectoris, CCBS: peripheral edema, constipation, bradycardia, syncope avoid: grapefruit juice
33
amlodipine
calcium channel blocker - decrease BP HTN, angina pectoris, peripheral edema, syncope avoid: grapefruit juice
34
aspirin
antiplatelet aggregation GI, renal impairment, tinnitus, diaphoresis, headache, acidic blood-->Kussmal resp sx of bleeding: increased HR, decreased BP, ecchymosis, coffee-ground emesis, melena avoid: herbals "g"
35
clopidogrel
antiplatelet aggregation GI sx of bleeding: increased HR, decreased BP, ecchymosis, coffee-ground emesis, melena avoid: herbals "g"
36
heparin
rapid acting, short half-life anticoagulant requires close monitoring of PTT: nml = 40sec, therapeutic = 60-80sec sx of bleeding: increased HR, decreased BP, ecchymosis, coffee-ground emesis, melena antidote: protamine avoid: herbals "g"
37
enoxaparin
rapid acting, longer half-life anticoagulant less monitoring needed must inject in subcutaneous "love handles", don't twist cap/aspirate, leave air bubble in syringe must take at same time daily sx of bleeding: increased HR, decreased BP, ecchymosis, coffee-ground emesis, melena avoid: herbals "g" antidote: protamine
38
warfarin
5 day delayed onset must monitor PT/INR: nml = 1, therapeutic = 2-3, mechanical heart valves = 3-4.5 must maintain vitamin K levels (leafy greens, mayo) avoid: herbals "g" antidote: vitamin K
39
protamine sulfate
antidote for heparin, enoxaparin anticoagulants
40
epoeitin alpha
anti-anemia - synthetic erythropoeitin | HTN, risk CV events, tumor progression
41
darbepoetin alpha
long acting anti-anemia - synthetic erythropoeitin | HTN, risk CV events, tumor progression
42
ferrous sulfate
``` iron deficient anemia take b/w meals w/OJ to increase absorption nausea, constipation, dark green/melena liquid form stains teeth avoid: antacid, dairy, caffeine ```
43
iron dextran
iron deficient anemia | avoid: antacid, dairy, caffeine
44
cyanocobalamin
deficient anemia - vitamin B12 | hypokalemia
45
blood
acute hemolytic rxn d/t ABO incompatability sx occu w/in 20mins: chills, fever, tachycardia, lower back pain, hematuria stop transfusion STAT
46
metformin
``` biguanide type II diabetes anorexia, N/V/D, flatulence, vitamin B12/folic acid deficiency lactic acidosis - rare need CBC q3months, monitor kidneys avoid: excess ETOH d/t lactic acidosis ```
47
glipizide
sulfonylurea type II diabetic hypoglycemia, weight gain take w/breakfast avoid: ETOH d/t disulfiram-like rxn
48
glyburide
sulfonylurea type II diabetic hypoglycemia, weight gain take w/breakfast avoid: ETOH d/t disulfiram-like rxn
49
glimepiride
sulfonylurea type II diabetic hypoglycemia, weight gain take w/breakfast avoid: ETOH d/t disulfiram-like rxn
50
insulin
diabetes hypoglycemia increased affect w/sulfonylreas, beta blockers, ETOH counteracted w/thiazide diuretics, glucocorticoids may tx hyperkalemia
51
omeprazole
``` proton pump inhibitor slow onset, short half-life rebound sx: reflux, heartburn, gas pneumonia, osteoporosis, hypomagnesemia don't crush/chew; take before breakfast ```
52
esomeprazole
``` proton pump inhibitor slow onset, short half-life rebound sx: reflux, heartburn, gas pneumonia, osteoporosis, hypomagnesemia don't crush/chew; take before breakfast ```
53
pantoprazole
``` proton pump inhibitor slow onset, short half-life rebound sx: reflux, heartburn, gas pneumonia, osteoporosis, hypomagnesemia don't crush/chew; take before breakfast ```
54
lansoprazole
``` proton pump inhibitor slow onset, short half-life rebound sx: reflux, heartburn, gas pneumonia, osteoporosis, hypomagnesemia don't crush/chew; take before breakfast ```
55
ranitidine
``` H2 blocker - stomach diminished effect over time rebound sx if abruptly stopped confusion w/poor renal function avoid: antacid w/in 1h ```
56
cimetidine
``` H2 blocker - stomach diminished effect over time rebound sx if abruptly stopped confusion w/poor renal function avoid: antacid w/in 1h ```
57
famotidine
``` H2 blocker - stomach diminished effect over time rebound sx if abruptly stopped confusion w/poor renal function avoid: antacid w/in 1h ```
58
ondansetron
``` antiemetic blocks 5HT3 (no effect on anxiety etc) "clean" headache, D/constipation, dizziness, prolonged QT interval-->torsades-->vFib best if administered prophylactically ```
59
promethazine (antiemetic)
antiemetic H1 block: sedation, dry mouth D2 block: EPS A1 block: orthostatic hypoTN do NOT give to children<2yo infiltration causes gangrene
60
metoclopramide
antiemetic blocks D2, 5HT3 and promotes gastric motility EPS, drowsiness do NOT take >3months
61
docusate sodium
stool softener | useful for: prophylactic, painful elimination, prevention of straining
62
polyethylene glycol
osmotic laxative BM in 2-4 days well-tolerated mix in 4-8 ounces of any fluid
63
bisacodyl
stimulant (irritant) BM in 12h PO, 1h PO very STRONG, very harsh
64
lactulose
osmotic helps intestines excrete ammonia expensive, flatulence, cramping
65
alteplase
anticoagulant - dissolves clots used for MI, stroke, central line clot huge risk of bleeding
66
sucralfate
coats stomach up to 6h take before meals and 1h b/w other meds constipation
67
polyethylene glycol 3350 w/electrolytes
osmotic (pulls water) used for bowel surgery or colonoscopy massive diarrhea pts must drink 1 gallon, may mix w/clear flavoring
68
filgrastim
stimulates bone marrow to produce neutrophils reduced risk of infection bone pain (common), leukocytosis
69
potassium chloride
``` potassium supplement GI irritation - take w/food/H20 irritating to veins - must dilute MUST infused by pump w/cardiac monitor NTI: 3.5-5mEq/L ```
70
sodium bicarbonate
tx for aspirin toxicity w/activated charcoal, tx for hyperkalemia - makes K+-->cell
71
sodium polystyrene sulfonate
laxative tx for hyperkalemia
72
oxybutynin
overactive bladder - blocks M3 receptors anticholinergic tachycardia contraindicated in pts w/glaucoma and myasthenia gravis
73
ethinyl estradiol/norethindrone
oral contraceptive - no ovulation, thin wall, thick mucus 1 wk rest period w/placebo DVT, PE, MI, stroke increased breast tumor progression avoid: st. john's wort, antiseizure, certain abx
74
norethindrone
oral contraceptive doesn't stop ovulation no rest period slightly lessened risk of DVT, PE, MI, stroke avoid: st. john's wort, antiseizure, certain abx increased breast tumor progression
75
tamsulosin
selective BPH alpha 1 blocker | abnl ejaculation
76
doxazosin
nonselective BPH alpha 1 blocker | hypoTN, dizziness, nasal congestion, sleepiness
77
finasteride
BPH 5 alpha reductase inhibitor teratogenic decreased libido, abnl ejaculation falsely decrease PSA levels
78
dutasteride
BPH 5 alpha reductase inhibitor teratogenic decreased libido, abnl ejaculation falsely decrease PSA levels
79
sildenafil
PDE5 inhibitor for erectile dysfunction, pulmonary HTN hypoTN, priapism, sudden hearing loss avoid: nitrates w/in 24h, alpha blockers
80
tadalafil
PDE5 inhibitor for erectile dysfunction, BPH hypoTN, priapism, sudden hearing loss lasts 36h avoid: nitrates w/in 24h, alpha blockers
81
vardenafil
PDE5 inhibitor for erectile dysfunction hypoTN, priapism, sudden hearing loss avoid: nitrates w/in 24h, alpha blockers
82
oxytocin
``` increases strength, frequency, and length of contractions (induce labor) use pump and monitor closely STOP if: resting uterine pressure>15-20mmHg contraction duration>1min contraction freq <2-3min pronounced alteration of FHR or rhythm ```
83
methylergonovine
controls postpartum bleeding and causes POWERFUL contractions high risk of HTN
84
terbutaline
suppresses preterm labor by activating beta2 uterine receptors to relax uterus tachycardia, hypoTN, pulm edema, hyperglycemia
85
magnesium sulfate
used for preeclampsia (prevent seizures) NTI toxicity: RR<12, loss of DTR, hypoTN, decreased urinary output antidote: calcium gluconate
86
calcium gluconate
antidote for magnesium sulfate toxicity
87
amoxicillin
beta lactam abx allergic rxn: rash to anaphylaxis w/in 30min cross-sensitivity to cephalosporins
88
cephalexin
beta lactam abx allergic rxn C.diff superinfection: watery diarrhea antidote: metronidazole or vancomycin
89
imipenem
beta lactam abx
90
metronidazole
abx antidote for cephalosporin C.diff superinfection
91
vancomycin
abx antidote for cephalosporin C.diff superinfection | ototoxic
92
tetracycline
``` tetracycline protein synth inhibitor abx esophageal ulcer - avoid taking hs food interactions - milk, Ca2+, Mg, Fe, antacids teeth discoloration <8yo photosensitivity ```
93
erythromycin
macrolide protein synth inhibitor abx | metallic taste, prolonged QT intervals
94
azithromycin
macrolide protein synth inhibitor abx | metallic taste, prolonged QT intervals
95
gentamycin
aminoglycoside protein synth inhibitor abx | nephrotoxic, ototoxic, inactivated by -cillins if mixed together
96
neomycin
aminoglycoside protein synth inhibitor abx | nephrotoxic, ototoxic, inactivated by -cillins if mixed together
97
amikacin
aminoglycoside protein synth inhibitor abx | nephrotoxic, ototoxic, inactivated by -cillins if mixed together
98
tobramycin
aminoglycoside protein synth inhibitor abx | nephrotoxic, ototoxic, inactivated by -cillins if mixed together
99
streptomycin
aminoglycoside protein synth inhibitor abx | nephrotoxic, ototoxic, inactivated by -cillins if mixed together
100
cipofloxacin
fluoroquinolone abx - UTI, traveller's diarrhea, anthrax achilles tendon rupture - avoid <18yo photsensitivity - elderly, corticosteroids, organ transplant food interactions - dairy, aluminum/Mg antacids, iron
101
levofloxacin
fluoroquinolone abx achilles tendon rupture - avoid <18yo photsensitivity - elderly, corticosteroids, organ transplant food interactions - dairy, aluminum/Mg antacids, iron
102
moxifloxacin
fluoroquinolone abx achilles tendon rupture - avoid <18yo photsensitivity - elderly, corticosteroids, organ transplant food interactions - dairy, aluminum/Mg antacids, iron
103
norfloxacin
fluoroquinolone abx achilles tendon rupture - avoid <18yo photsensitivity - elderly, corticosteroids, organ transplant food interactions - dairy, aluminum/Mg antacids, iron
104
ofloxacin
fluoroquinolone abx achilles tendon rupture - avoid <18yo photsensitivity - elderly, corticosteroids, organ transplant food interactions - dairy, aluminum/Mg antacids, iron
105
sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim
UTI - blocks bacterial folic acid creation at two different points in the pathway hypersensitivity, crystalluria (drink 8+glasses H20), kernicterus contraindicated in pregnant women and infants<2months
106
nitrofurantoin
UTI - destroys bacterial DNA brown urine, GI - take w/food, (rare) peripheral neuropathy contraindicated in pt's w/renal impairment
107
phenazopyridine
UTI - analgesic to bladder mucosa orange-red urine GI - take w/food
108
isoniazid
``` TB requires mult abx for 2mo-6yrs hepatotoxicity numerous CYP interactions peripheral neuropathy antidote: vitamin B6 ```
109
pyrazinamide
TB requires mult abx for 2mo-6yrs hepatotoxicity numerous CYP interactions
110
ethambutol
``` TB requires mult abx for 2mo-6yrs hepatotoxicity numerous CYP interactions red-green color blindness ```
111
rifampin
``` TB requires mult abx for 2mo-6yrs hepatotoxicity numerous CYP interactions red-orange secretions ```
112
vitamin B6
antidote for isoniazid peripheral neuropathy
113
amphotericin B
``` antifungal phlebitis nephrotoxic hypokalemia - pump ONLY anemia infusion rxn: fever, chills, rigors, HA tx: acetaminophen w/benadryl, or dantrolene avoid: NSAIDs, aminoglycosides, diuretics ```
114
ketocanazole
antifungal, well-tolerated | hepatotoxic, numerous CYP interactions
115
fluconazole
antifungal, well-tolerated | hepatotoxic, numerous CYP interactions
116
micoconazole
antifungal, well-tolerated | hepatotoxic, numerous CYP interactions
117
acyclovir
HSV/herpes zoster antifungal HA, N/V, phlebitis (common) crystal urea, altered mental status (rare) pt must drink H2O
118
valacyclovir
``` HSV/herpes zoster antifungal prodrug w/increased absorption HA, N/V, phlebitis (common) crystal urea, altered mental status (rare) pt must drink H2O ```
119
oseltamivir
flu, well-tolerated N/V take w/in 48h to decrease duration of sx
120
methotrexate
``` rheumatoid arthritis - folic acid inhibitor N/D (common), GI ulcer decreased bone barrow production pneumonitis hepatotoxic renal failure infection severe rash ```
121
hydroxychloroquine
``` rheumatoid arthritis, malaria better tolerated, less effective usually combined w.methotrexate take w/food retinal damage ```
122
infliximab
rheumatoid arthritis - TNF blocker common: injection site rxn, infections rare: severe allergic rxn, heart failure, hepatotoxic, cancer
123
adalimumab
rheumatoid arthritis - TNF blocker common: injection site rxn, infections rare: severe allergic rxn, heart failure, hepatotoxic, cancer
124
etanercept
rheumatoid arthritis - TNF blocker common: injection site rxn, infections rare: severe allergic rxn, heart failure, hepatotoxic, cancer
125
allopurinol
``` prevention and tx gout, full effect in 1-2mo effective if uric acid <6mg/mL acute gout attack hypersensitivity, hepatotoxicity (rare) avoid: amoxicillin (hypersensitivity) ```
126
colchicine
prevention and tx gout diarrhea (common) myopathy, bone marrow supression
127
alendronate
osteoporosis bisphosphonate take AM upright on empty stomach w/H2O GI sx: heartburn, ab pain, diarrhea hypocalcemia, osteonecrosis of the jaw
128
ibandronate
osteoporosis bisphosphonate take AM upright on empty stomach w/H2O GI sx: heartburn, ab pain, diarrhea hypocalcemia, osteonecrosis of the jaw
129
risedronate
osteoporosis bisphosphonate take AM upright on empty stomach w/H2O GI sx: heartburn, ab pain, diarrhea hypocalcemia, osteonecrosis of the jawv
130
raloxifene
osteoporosis - mimics bone estrogen hot flashes, leg cramp, edema, weight gain, thromboembolism, stroke decreased cancer risk
131
cycophosphamide
``` CA - cytotoxic agent tx wide variety of CA bone marrow suppression, N/V, alopecia damage to bladder mucosa-->hemorrhagic cystitis antidote: 3L fluid daily, mesna ```
132
cisplatin
CA - cytotoxic agent derived from platinum bone marrow suppression, N/V, alopecia nephrotoxic, ototoxic
133
methotrexate (CA)
``` CA - cytotoxic agent MASSIVE dose bone marrow suppression, N/V, alopecia nephrotoxic antidote for healthy cells: leucovorin ```
134
doxorubicin
``` CA - cytotoxic agent bone marrow suppression, N/V, alopecia bright red-->turns urine and sweat red cardiotoxic-->dysrhythmias max dose: 550mg/m2 ```
135
vincristine
CA - cytotoxic agent | nerve damage-->neuropathy, decreased DTR, constipation, urinary hesitancy
136
tamoxifen
hormonal agent - blocks estrogen receptors for breast CA hot flashes, endometrial CA, blood clots increases bone density, improves cholesterol may be prophylactic
137
leuprolide
hormonal agent - decreased production of testosterone for prostate CA decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, gynecomastia, reduced muscle mass, hot flashes alternative to castration
138
leucovorin
antidote for CA dose of methotrexate to salvage healthy cells
139
emtricitabine/tenovir
backbone of other HIV tx common: N/D, rash, dyslipidemia, fat redistribution, osteoporosis rare: acute renal failure, peripheral neuropathy, pancreatitis BBW 1: fatty liver dz that manifests as lactic acidosis BBW 2: hep B exacerbation; test b4 initiating tx
140
efavirenz
HIV NNRTI self-resolving skin rash CNS effects: depression, paranoia, aggression, euphoria, hallucinations, sedation taken at night on empty stomach to reduce CNS effects
141
rilpivirine
HIV NNRTI take w/food depression, dizziness (less serious than efavirenz) prolonged QT interval
142
elvitegravir/cobicistat
HIV INSTI/CYP inhibitor take w/food D/N CNS effects: depression, paranoia, aggression, euphoria, hallucinations, sedation

NUR 409 Pharmacotherapeutics (38 decks)

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