Clin Path Review 6

Question 1

What can you detect with a urinalysis?

Answer 1

Renal function, metabolic disease, systemic disease

Question 2

What are probable causes of pink-red or red-brown urine?

Answer 2

Hematuria, hemoglobinuria, myoglobinuria

Question 3

What are probable causes of brown-black urine?

Answer 3

Methemoglobinuria, bile pigment

Question 4

What are probable causes of yellow-orange urine?

Answer 4

Highly concentrated, bilirubinuria

Question 5

What are probably causes of yellow-green urine?

Answer 5

Bilrubin, biliverdin

Question 6

What does USG evaluate for?

Answer 6

How well the kidneys are filtering/diluting the urine

Question 7

What are differentials for glucosuria?

Answer 7

DM, acute pancreatitis, stress

Question 8

What does ketonuria indicate?

Answer 8

DKA, negative energy balance

Question 9

What causes hematuria?

Answer 9

Inflammation, infection, trauma

Question 10

What does hemoglobinuria indicate?

Answer 10

Hemolysis (anemia)

Question 11

What does myoglobinuria indicate?

Answer 11

Muscle injury (look for incr. CK/AST)

Question 12

Red supernatant indicates what?

Answer 12

Hemo/myoglobinuria

Question 13

Large, colorless prism-like crystals (“coffin lids”)

Answer 13

Struvite

Question 14

Most common crystals in dogs and cats

Answer 14

Struvite

Question 15

What urine pH promotes struvite formation?

Answer 15

Alkaline

Question 16

What diet do you prescribe for struvite crystal dissolution?

Answer 16

Acidifying diet

Question 17

This urine crystal is normal in horses, rabbits, guinea pigs, and goats

Answer 17

Calcium carbonate

Question 18

Free lipid droplets in urine can indicate what pathology?

Answer 18

Renal tubular injury

Question 19

Increased frequency of urination

Answer 19

Pollakiuria

Question 20

Markedly decreased urine production

Answer 20

Oliguria

Question 21

What is the best way to measure GFR?

Answer 21

CREA

Question 22

Increased BUN can be caused by what?

Answer 22

Upper GI bleed (PLE), decr GFR

Question 23

Decreased BUN can be caused by what?

Answer 23

PSS, liver insufficiency, incr GFR (diuresis)

Question 24

Increased CREA can be casued by what?

Answer 24

Decr GFR, altered nephron function

Question 25

What is CREA influenced by?

Answer 25

Muscle mass

Question 26

What hormone is GFR dependent on?

Answer 26

Production and responsiveness to ADH (Vasopressin)

Question 27

What does isosthenuria mean?

Answer 27

Kidney is not concentrating urine

Question 28

Occurs when kidneys are isosthenuric?

Answer 28

Polyuria

Question 29

What are renal causes of polyuria?

Answer 29

Renal failure (65% loss of function)

Question 30

What endocrine diseases cause isosthenuria?

Answer 30

Diabetes, hyperadrenocorticism

Question 31

Increase in [BUN] and/or increase in [CREA]

Answer 31

Azotemia

Question 32

Retention of nitrogenous waste products in the blood

Answer 32

Azotemia

Question 33

What are pre-renal causes of azotemia?

Answer 33

Dehydration, decreased CO/shock, upper GI bleed

Question 34

How are phosphorus and magnesium affected with decreased GFR (azotemia)?

Answer 34

Increased

Question 35

Increased BUN +/- increased CREA, increased USG

Answer 35

Pre-renal azotemia

Question 36

Increased BUN, increased CREA, decreased USG

Answer 36

Renal azotemia

Question 37

What are causes of renal azotemia?

Answer 37

Hypoxia, neoplasia, hydronephrosis, pyelonephritis, toxins

Question 38

Increased BUN, increased CREA, variable USG

Answer 38

Post-renal azotemia

Question 39

What causes post-renal azotemia?

Answer 39

Obstruction (FLUTD, urolithiasis), uroabodmen