Cardio Review 2 Flashcards
What will you hear on auscultation of an atrial septal defect?
Low grade murmur d/t low blood flow velocity
Are atrioventricular septal defects more common in cats or dogs?
Cats
Are AV valve malformations more common in cats or dogs?
Cats
Which dog breeds are predisposed to tricuspid valve malformations?
Labs, boxer, GSD
Which dog breeds are predisposed to mitral valve malformations?
Great dane, GR, Newfoundland
What type of AV valve malformation is most common?
Regurgitation
When regurgitation is severe, the corresponding ventricle is usually _____
Small
Tricuspid valve malformations cause what type of hypertrophy and which side of the heart is affected?
R eccentric (volume)
Mitral valve malformations cause what type of hypertrophy and which side of the heart is affected?
L eccentric (volume)
What type of murmur will you hear with AV valve malformations?
Atypical systolic murmur
How do you treat tricuspid valve malformations?
ACE inhibitors (or BV for stenosis)
Causes a splintered QRS complex
Tricuspid valve malformations
How do you dx tricuspid and mitral valve malformations?
Tricuspid = echo Mitral = radiographs
How do you treat LVOT assoc. w/mitral valve disease?
Beta blockers
What is the 2nd most common acquired disease in dogs?
DCM
What is the most common heart disease in cats?
HCM
What dog breed has the highest prevalence of DCM and why?
Dobermans have PDK4 + NCSU DCM2 mutations
Which dog breed has a juvenile onset of DCM?
Portuguese water dogs
Which cat breeds is HCM heritable and why?
Maine Coon, ragdoll, DSH have mutation in myosin binding protein C
What is the most common presenting sign of HCM?
Dyspnea/tachypnea
What type of hypertrophy does DCM cause and which side of the heart is affected?
L eccentric (volume)
What heart sound will DCM produce in CATS?
Gallop
What heart sound will HCM produce in cats?
L systolic murmur, gallop
How do you diagnose HCM in an asymptomatic cat (incidental finding)?
Wall thickness >6mm (echo)
What should be measured in any atypical breed with DCM?
Blood taurine
What diagnostic tool can ddx cardiac vs. non-cardiac causes of resp signs?
NT-proBNP
How do you treat occult (asymptomatic) DCM?
Benazepril + pimobendan
How do you treat overt (symptomatic) DCM (heart failure)?
Furosemide, pimobendan, ACEi, spironolactone
How do you treat pleural effusion assoc. w/HCM?
Thoracocentesis, furosemide
What is the most common adult onset heart disease in Boxers?
Arrhythmogenic RV cardiomyopathy (ARVC)
What is the heritability of ARVC?
Autosomal dominant deletion mutation w/incomplete penetrance
What % of Boxers have ARVC?
30%
Which region of the heart is primarily affected by ARVC?
RV
What ECG characteristics will you see with ARVC?
VPCs, VT, R-on-T
How do you dx ARVC?
24h holter monitor
When does ARVC require treatment?
> 180 VPCs/24h, runs of VT, or R-on-T
What is the treatment of choice for ARVC?
Sotalol
Any cat with heart disease should also have this drug added to their medication regimen
Clopidogrel
What is the most common clinical sign of infectious endocarditis?
Lameness
What causes lameness assoc. w/endocarditis?
Immune complex formation
Which animals are predisposed to endocarditis?
Previous diagnosis of subaortic stenosis
Recent history of infection
Which valves are most commonly affected by endocarditis in small animals?
Mitral, aortic
What organisms cause endocarditis?
Strep intermedius, Staph aureus, E. coli, Brucella, Pseudomonas
What ECG characteristics will you see with endocarditis?
VPCs, VT, 3* AV block
What empirical tx can you give to an endocarditis patient until C&S results?
Beta lactam + aminoglycoside/enro
When should you NOT give aminoglycosides to an endocarditis patient?
CHF signs (adverse effects on kidneys)
