Chapter Six-The Italian Renaissance Flashcards
0
Q
Scholars combine _________ with ________
A
ancient history
Christian teachings
1
Q
Renaissance
A
means rebirth
a philosophical and artistic movement
2
Q
new emphasis on
A
the power of human reason
3
Q
Renaissance began in
A
Italy
4
Q
crusades and trade brought contact with
A
the Byzantine Empire
5
Q
Rich cities of Italy
A
Florence, Milan, Naples, Rome, Venice
6
Q
family that pushed the Renaissance movement in Florence
A
Medici
7
Q
list the humanites
A
grammar, history, poetry, and rhetoric
8
Q
humanists
A
people who specialized in the study of the humanities
9
Q
humanists searched out manuscripts written in
A
Greek and Latin
10
Q
Most humanists were
A
Catholics who remained committed to Christian teachings
11
Q
Petrarch
A
one of the best known humanists
12
Q
Petrarch believed that they should imitate writers by
A
studying the classical writers
13
Q
classical education
A
the study of ancient Greek and Roman literature
14
Q
Petrarch believed that his desire for fame might
A
hurt his chances for salvation
15
Q
The Prince
A
an essay written by Machiavelli
16
Q
what did The Prince describe
A
described government not in terms of lofty ideals but how it actually worked
17
Q
Machiavellian means
A
the ends justify the means
18
Q
Castiglione wrote what book
A
The Book of the Courtier
19
Q
The Book of the Courtier
A
was the most famous book of the Renaissance
20
Q
The Book of the Courtier explained
A
how gentlemen and gentlewomen should act in polite society
21
Q
medieval paintings stressed
A
religious topics
22
Q
renaissance paintings depicted
A
lifelike human figures
23
Q
High Renaissance lasted from
A
late 1400s to early 1500s
24
three talents of Leonardo Da Vinci
architect, engineer, painter, sculptor, and scientist
25
two famous paintings of Leonardo Da Vinci
The Last Supper
| the Mona Lisa
26
What is Michelangelo known for
his depiction of the Creation painted on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
27
Rafael was hired by the pope to
beautify the Vatican
28
Rafael was known for his
madonnas
29
madonnas are
paintings of the Virgin Mary
30
Titian was one of the first painters to
become wealthy from his work
31
major rivers/routes that contributed to the spread of ideas
the Danube, Rhine, and Rhone
32
Johannes Gutenberg
1450 first European to use movable type
| invented the printing press
33
used the printing press to print copies of
the Bible
34
critics of printed books said
printed books would not last as long
hand copied manuscripts were more beautiful
scribes would lose their jobs
35
scribes
those who made a living by hand-copying manuscripts
36
The Praise of Folly
Erasmus's most famous book
37
The Praise of Folly ridiculed
ignorance, superstition, and vice among Christians
38
Utopia condemned
governments as being corrupt
| written by Thomas More
39
Thomas More's refusal to agree to king's supremacy
caused him to be beheaded
40
William Shakespeare was the leading
literary figure of the time
41
three famous works of Shakespeare
Hamlet
Romeo and Juliet
Macbeth
42
Reformation
a religious revolution
43
three causes for the Protestant Reformation
1. Church was more interested in income than saving souls 2. pope acted as a political leader and warrior instead of a moral leader 3. priests engaged in vice and misconduct instead of encouraging spiritual and moral behavior
44
the break for the Protestant Reformation took place in
modern day Germany
45
indulgences
pardons from punishment for sin that could be bought
46
Johann Tetzel sent to
raise funds in the northern German states by selling indulgences
47
Popes sold indulgences to
raise money for the church
48
Martin Luther's beliefs became know as
Lutheranism
49
Luther said that ceremonies and good deeds
made no difference in saving a sinner
50
Luther said only thing that counted was
an inner faith in God
51
Luther said salvation gained only
through the grace of God
52
the idea that salvation could only be gained through the grace of God was called
justification by grace through faith
53
95 theses
Luther posted these statements about indulgences on a church door
54
Luther claimed that the Bible was
the sole religious authority
55
in 1521 Pope Leo X declared
Luther a heretic
56
Luther''s punishment for being declared a heretic
he was excommunicated
57
Protestantism/ Protestants
Luther's beliefs and Luther's followers
58
the Peace of Augsburg said that
each German ruler had the right to choose the religion for his state
59
What did the subjects have to do under the Peace of Augsburg
they had to either accept the ruler's decision or move away
60
sects
religious groups
61
King Henry VIII caused
the break between England and the Roman Catholic Church
62
"Defender of the Faith"
title that was granted to Henry by the pope
63
What did Henry want to do
he wanted to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon
64
Henry was unhappy because
he had no male heir
65
Henry wanted to marry
Anne Boleyn
66
Catholic Church didn't usually permit divorces but could
make exceptions
67
Pope Clement VII refused to
meet Henry's demand for divorce/annulment
68
Because pope refused his demands Henry
withdrew England from the Catholic Church and began a new church
69
Church of England
new church created by Henry VIII
| also known as the Anglican Church
70
Who was the head of the Anglican Church
the king was established as the head of the church
71
Anglican Church granted
Henry VIII a divorce
72
what was the act of supremacy
an act of Parliament that recognized the monarch as head of the church
Henry would be head of the church but later that act would be rescinded
73
Predestination
the idea that at the beginning of time God decided whou would be saved
this idea came from John Calvin
74
the elect
those who were predestined for salvation
75
theocracy
a government ruled by religious leaders who claimed God's authority
76
Hugenots
French Calvinists
77
Counter Reformation
also known as the Catholic Reformation
| began as an attempt to return the church to an emphasis on spiritual matters
78
the Counter Reformation was also a
campaign to stop the spread of Protestantism
79
Pope Paul III brought the
Inquisition to Rome (only tried heresy)
80
What was the Index (published 1559)
Catholics were banned from reading the books listed in the Index
81
Council of Trent did what three things
1. defined the official church position on matters of doctrine 2. acted to end the abuses in the church and those that surrounded the sale of indulgences 3. tightened discipline within the clergy
82
Council of Trent said that
1. you should depend on priests because God granted forgiveness only through the church 2. and salvation came from ceremonial church actions as well as individual faith
83
during the 1530s to mid 1600s there were
devastating religious wars
84
Most striking result of the religious upheaval
the appearance of many different churches
85
bad spirits
called demons
| made life difficult
86
wise/cunning people
an older village member thought to have a special understanding of how the world worked
87
good witches
another name for wise people
88
bad witches
thought to bring bad luck
89
bad witches were said to have made
a pact with the devil
90
usually _________ were accused of being bad witches because _______
elderly widows
| easy targets
91
primary occupation of the people
farming
92
communities tended to ____________ and ____________
work
| make decisions together
93
if anyone upset village traditions
they were treated harshly
94
broadsides
single printed sheets of information
95
almanacs
published predictions about the weather or prospects for growing crops
96
standard of living
the measure of the quality of life
97
peasantry made up ___% of the population
85-90
98
Black Death reduced population by
1/3
99
peasants were trapped in
poverty
100
superstitions
no longer played an important role in people's views of daily life
