Chapter 11 Notes Flashcards
Petition of Right
This was forced onto Charles I by the Parliament
Charles I was a believer in
the divine right theory
What did the Petition of Right say?
- king could not tax unless Parliament approved it 2. the could not declare martial law 3. cannot board/house/shelter soldiers in private homes 4. the king could not imprison without a reason
martial law means
military rule
What was Charles I’s religious troubles about?
Charles liked the Anglican Church but he married a French Catholic; the Puritans opposed Charles
royal courts used by Charles
used to get rid of people he didn’t like
the Star Chamber
the Court of High Commissions
Matters in Scotland
Charles I tried to force Anglican policies in Scotland
National Covenant (1638)
the Scottish said that they were going to stand by their policies and not bow to the English’s wishes
the Long Parliament
is set up after Charles I dismissed Parliament; met for the first time in 1640 and met for the next 20 years
The House of Commons in the Long Parliament was controlled by the
Puritans
The Long Parliament condemned Charles I as a
tyrant
The English Civil War lasted from
1642-1649
Cavaliers
AKA Royalists; supported King Charles
Roundheads
supported Parliament (mostly Puritans) (name came from their haircut)
Oliver Cromwell
Puritan leader during the English Civil War; was disciplined and dictorial and very strict
New Model Army
the name of Cromwell’s army
Commonwealth
the new government of England
January 1649
Charles is defeated, convicted of treason, and beheaded
Who was the Lord Protector in Cromwell’s Commonwealth?
the Lord Protector was the leader of England and it was Cromwell’s title after the commonwealth was set up
Instrument of Government (1653)
Cromwell’s guidelines for governing
What happened at the end of the revolution and after Cromwell had died?
in 1660 Parliament invites Charles II (son of Charles I) to return as king of England
Charles II
son of Charles I
nickname was the Merry Monarch
Restoration
the monarchy was restored to England
What did the Restoration reflect?
It reflected a new beginning or rebirth of culture
Tories
favored the Anglican Church and hereditary monarchy
Whigs
favored a strong Parliament, opposed a Roman Catholic ruler
James
the brother of Charles II
in 1685 James
inherits the throne; was an absolute ruler
James had 2
daughters; Mary and Anne; Mary is oldest
Both daughters
are married and are Protestant
James then had a son so there was a threat of
a line of Roman Catholic monarchs
1688 Parliament invites
Mary and her husband to replace James as monarch
Glorious Revolution/ “Bloodless Revolution”
William and Mary invade; James flees and William and Mary become duel monarchs
Leviathan
this is a book
written by Thomas Hobbes and it is his political philosophies
Hobbes said in his book that
people choose their leader
Social Contract said
we give the leader enough power in exchange for safety
Natural world
only the strong will survive
natural rights
John Locke introduced this concept; life liberty and the right to property
John Locke said that if a ruler broke or violated rights
he could be replaced
Two Treatises on Government
John Locke’s publication
it said an individual’s rights are superior
writ
a court order
Habeas Corpus means
you shall have the body
the Habeas Corpus Act protected individuals
against unfair arrest
English Bill of Rights
- Parliament will choose the leader of the government 2. freedom of speech 3. The king cannot impose taxes 4. Parliament must meet frequently 5. no cruel/unusual punishment 6. prohibits excessive bail
Parliament was composed of
two chambers or houses
The House of Lords
nobility and clergy
House of Commons
made up of representatives from the rest of the population
Cabinet
they are an advisory body and are in charge of an executive department
Prime Minister
head of the majority party and leader of the government
first prime minister of England
Robert Walpole
limited constitutional monarchy
the crown has powers restricted by a constitution
British constitution consisted of several documents that combine to form the basis of govt in England
Magna Carta; Bill of Rights; the Petition of Right; Habeas Corpus; tradition; Parliamentary legislation
John Cabot
his voyage gave England its first claim in North America; he was a Venetian captain who sailed for England
sea dogs
adventurous English sea captains that were traders but MOSTLY pirates and explorers
Sir Francis Drake
first English sea captain to sail around the world
Northwest Passage
a northern water route to Asia through or around North America but was never found
Henry Hudson
one of the first to search for the Northwest Passage; sailed for the Dutch and discovered the Hudson River and Hudson Bay
Jamestown
the first permanent English settlement in North America; established in 1607
Plymouth Colony
founded by Pilgrims to escape religious persecution; second permanent English colony established; is in Massachusetts
two reasons people came to North America
- came to find religious or political freedom and escape persecution 2. came for better lives for their families
Enlightenment (1700s)
a movement where philosophers emphasized the use of reason
the Enlightenment period was also called
the Age of Reason
philosophes
the thinkers during the Enlightenment period
the philosophies emphasized
freedom of religion, reform for the prison system, no government censorship
The Spirit of Laws (1748)
Montesquieu’s book where he described the perfect government
Montesquieu introduced the idea of separation of powers which is
where the government is divided into three co-equal branches- executive, legislative, judicial
executive is there to
enforce (execute) the law
legislative branch is there to
make the law
judicial is there to
interpret the law
Checks and balances
it prevents 1 of the 3 branches from dominating the other two
Voltaire said that the best type of ruler was an
Enlightened Monarch which means there would be a king or queen that was educated and would protect the rights of his subjects
Rosseau’s The Social Contract was
a book that described an ideal society
popular sovereignty
the government is created and controlled by the people
general will
what’s best for the majority
