Chapter 12 Notes Flashcards
Old Regime
the French government prior to 1789
estates
referred to the French social classes
1st estate was made up of
the clergy
high clergy
was made up of the abbott, bishop, and archbishop
didn’t have to pay taxes
lower clergy
parish priests- did most of the work with very little pay
2nd estate was made up of
the nobility
3rd estate was made up of
the rest of the population
bourgeoisie
urban middle class/ city workers, day laborers, artisans
peasants made up
the largest group
the third estate had no
political power or freedoms
natural rights were
liberty and equality; this idea was enough to unify the various groups to challenge the king
the monarch of France during a financial crisis was who ruled for
Louis XV
59 years
he inherited the debts of Louis XIV
in 1774 the new monarch was
Louis XVI
Louis XVI married
Marie Antoinette from Austria
debts were increasing for France so to raise money Louis XVI tries to
tax the first and second estates
by 1787 bankers did not
loan any more money to the French government
meeting of the Estates General (May 5, 1789) was a meeting of
the French government
the meeting of the Estates General was called by and was held at
Louis XVI
Versailles
in the past the 3 estates had met and each estate had only
separately
one vote
1st and 2nd estate would
outvote the 3rd estate
3rd estate wanted to vote as and their argument was that
individuals their class truly represented the French people
3rd estate and creates a
walked out of the legislature
new government called the National Assembly
The action of creating the National Assembly marks
the beginning of the French Revolution
Tennis Court Oath
the oath that the National Assembly agreed to that said they will meet until a new constitution is written
Bastille is stormed by
peasants on July 14, 1789
Bastille
an old prison used to store military surplus items
the swept across the land
Great Fear
the peasant reaction
they were angry because of food shortages
one of the actions taken by the National Assembly by August 1789 to end the old regime
they formally did away with feudalism
the Declaration of Rights of Man gave basic
human rights and political power
what did the Declaration of Rights of Man say
- men born equal 2. granted freedoms-speech, press, and religion 3. guaranteed right to a fair trial
what was the motto of the revolution
“Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity” (which means brotherhood)
emegres
“Noble Emigrants”
they were nobles who fled France fearing for their safety
the March on Versailles (Oct. 5, 1789)
was led by angry women and it forced Louis and his family back to Paris
What did the Constitution of 1791 do?
- limited authority of king 2. divided government into three branches
Louis plots with __________ and wants to restore __________ but is urged to _________________ and ________________________.
emigres
the monarchy
flee France
get help from foreign governments
What happens after Louis tries to flee France?
Louis and his family are captured and brought back to Paris
the Legislative Assembly was
the new government that was a limited constitutional monarchy
Commune
the radical city government of Paris
Louis XVI was accused of
treason and plotting with foreigners
on August 10, 1792 armed Parisians _____________ and Louis and his family ___________
storm the palace in Paris
are imprisoned
the first meeting of the National Convention was held on ________ and delegates were elected by __________
September 1792
universal manhood suffrage
universal manhood suffrage
all mankind(just men) can vote
name two of the groups at the National Convention
Girondins and the Jacobins
Girondins
feared that Paris would dominate France
Jacobins
extreme radicals led by Maximillian Robiespierre
the National Convention brought ______ to trial and charged him with _________
Louis XVI
treason
How did the National Convention find Louis XVI at his trial
they found him guilty and on January 21,1793 Louis is executed by the guillotine
What was the Committee of Public Safety and what did it do?
It was directed to crush opposition
It was a revolutionary tribunal or a special court to try enemies
who said this “Annihilate enemies of the Republic”
Robiespierre
during the Reign of Terror enemies were
sent to the guillotine for execution
September 1793-July 1794
July 1794 Robiespierre was ______________ which ended __________
executed by the guillotine
the Reign of Terror
the new government formed after the reign of terror in November of 1795
the Directory
what was the executive branch like in the directory
the directors were a five member executive in the Directory government
What was a problem with the Directory?
the Directors were weak and could not get along with each other
the rise of Napoleon began 1796-1815 with wars called
the Napoleonic Wars
Napoleon proposed a plan to attack the ______ in ______
British
Egypt
the Directory feared that Napoleon would
seize power
At first in Egypt Napoleon was ___________ but at Alexandria the British
successful on land
defeat the French fleet
coup d’état means
“stroke of state”
the government has now turned over to Napoleon
at first Napoleon was a ___________ and the first form of government under Napoleon was a
dictator
republic
What was the reason that people accepted Napoleon’s dictatorship
he brought political stability and order
the title of Napoleon’s first five years of dictatorship
Consulate
Plebescite
a yes/no vote
Napoleonic Code
his uniform set of laws
Napoleon then becomes
Emperor Napoleon I
what is the symbolism of Napoleon crowning himself instead of the pope
that the power or authority had been given to Napoleon by himself; he was a self-made man and did not need God or the church; he is saying “I did this all by myself”
what was the continental system
it was a plan to set up a blockade around Great Britain
how did the British respond to the Continental System
they responded with a blockade of France
Napoleon’s first wife Josephine failed to ____________ so their marriage was ________
provide him with an heir
annulled
Napoleon remarries with ________ who provides him with
Marie Louise in 1811
a son
in the Peninsular War in 1807 the Portuguese king ___________ and the Spanish king is __________
refuses to follow Napoleon’s orders
forced to stop down
Joseph Bonaparte is ____________ and the new _________ after the previous one is forced to step down
Napoleon’s brother
king of Spain
Why did Napoleon try to invade Russia?
he wanted more territory and Czar Alexander I had ignored Napoleon’s blockade
what was the Grand Army
it was Napoleon’s army of over 600,000 people
“scorched earth” battle tactic
the Russians are retreating and burning/destroying resources as they fall back so that Napoleon could not use it (ex. houses, food, and other things)
“hollow victory”
Napoleon made it to Moscow but there is nothing there of value (ghost town) so they are forced to turn back
“General Winter”
refers to the harsh, brutal winter that took tis toll on Napoleon’s army
how much of Napoleon’s army was lost in Russia
about 2/3’s of the army was lost to battle, starvation, and desertion
Napoleon is finally defeated in October 1813 at
Leipzig
Elba
Napoleon’s first exile
the Allies decide to
reset the boundary of France to what is was in 1790
and restore the monarchy in the person of Louis XVIII
Hundred Days
the period when Napoleon returns to power in France
Napoleon was defeated for the last time at
Waterloo on June 18,1815
who was the leader of the allies that defeated Napoleon for the last time
the Duke of Wellington
the place of his second exile
St. Helena
the three principles that guided the decision making at the Congress of Vienna
- got to restore the balance of power 3. legitimacy- we are going to restore the monarchs back to their respective thrones
indemnity
a payment for damages
Quadruple Alliance (1815)
Great Britain
Austria
Prussia
Russia
Holy Alliance
- formed by Czar Alexander of Russia 2. guided on religious principles
concert of Europe
an international governing body formed to keep the peace
nationalism
pride, devotion, and loyalty to one’s country
lycée
government run schools set up by Napoleon
The Third Estate was comprised of
the bourgeoisie, urban workers, artisans, and rural peasants
One reason that discontent began to grown in France in the mid-1700s was
changing economic conditions
Peasants, workers, and the bourgeoisie shared the same ideas and spoke of _______ and ________ as natural rights
liberty
equality
Louis XV’s _______ angered the public, as his ______ and _____________ were hurting the French economy.
expensive habits
taxes
borrowing
In order to try and _________, Louis XVI called for a meeting of the __________ at Versailles in 1788.
raise taxes
Estates General
When the Third Estate declared itself the ___________ at the meeting of the Estates General at Versailles, the ___________ had begun
National Assembly
French Revolution
