Chapter 18 Notes Flashcards
1
Q
By 1914 Europeans had but
A
been peaceful for about 100 years
countries were competing for colonies
2
Q
Four factors which fueled tension among Europe’s powers
A
nationalism, militarism, imperialism/colonial rivalries, system of alliances
3
Q
1800s various ethnic groups wanted
A
to gain independence/more political unity
4
Q
militarism
A
the glorification of armed strength and the military
5
Q
military leaders believed
A
they could achieved their goals through the threat or use of force
6
Q
By late 1800s
A
European nations had built large well trained armies
7
Q
mobilize
A
to prepare an army for war
8
Q
military officers
A
wer also high ranking government officials
9
Q
British navy world rank
A
first
the best and largest in the world
10
Q
Dreadnought (1906)
A
the world’s first modern battleship
11
Q
“Two power standard”
A
the British navy would be stronger than any two powers combined
12
Q
Germany’s navy rank
A
second
13
Q
imperialism
A
when one country takes control of another country
14
Q
use colonies as and
A
new markets
raw materials
15
Q
Otto von Bismarck
A
known as the Iron Chancellor
Prime Minister of Prussia
16
Q
Bismarck’s chief goal
A
to keep France isolated
17
Q
France/Russia
A
Bismarck prevents this alliance
18
Q
1879 military alliance between
A
Germany and Austria-Hungary
19
Q
1881 Three Emperor’s League
A
an alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia
20
Q
1882 Triple Alliance
A
Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary
this kept France isolated and the German borders were secure on the eastern and southern flanks
21
Q
1887 Reinsurance Treaty
A
Russia and Germany
22
Q
Britain’s “splendid isolation”
A
Britain enjoyed being isolated
23
Q
1904 Entent Cordial
A
means “friendly understanding”
signed between Great Britain and France
24
Q
1907 Triple Entente
A
France Russia and Great Britain
25
by 1907 powers of Europe had divided into
two armed camps
26
Balkan "powder keg"
refers to the high tensions in this area
27
Ottoman Empire by the early 1900s was weak but located
militarily
| strategically
28
"sick man of Europe"
the major powers of Europe waiting for the Ottoman Empire to collapse
29
"Slavs"
the predominant ethnic group in central, eastern, southeastern Europe
30
annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
both were: protectorates of Austria-Hungary and annexed by Austria-Hungary
31
"powder keg of Europe"
referred to the Balkan peninsula
32
Archduke Ferdinand
heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne
33
Sarajevo
the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina
34
What happened on June 28, 1914 in Sarajevo
Archduke Ferdinand and his wife were assassinated by a Serbian nationalist
35
Gavrillo Princip
the member of a Serbian nationalist group that assassinated the Archduke and his wife
36
"Black Hand"
the national group that claimed responsibility for the assassination
37
Francis Joseph
the emperor of Austria-Hungary
38
Kaiser William I
emperor of Germany
39
"blank check"
a promise by Germany to Austria; Germany gives full support in punishing those responsible
40
Austria's ultimatum to Serbia
time frame: two days
| A/H officials wanted to try Princip the assassin
41
If Serbia rejected the ultimatum
war would be declared
42
July 28,1914
Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia
43
August 1, 1914 Germany declared war on and then on August 3. 1914 Germany declared war on
Russia
| France
44
Germany's situation
they had to fight a war on both sides
| Russia-east France-west
45
Germany's original objective
defeat France quickly and then focus on Russia
46
Schlieffen Plan
bypass France and march through Belgium
47
August 3 Germany invades
Belgium
48
Belgium was a country
neutral
49
plan failed because of and on August 4, 1914 Great Britain declared war on
Belgian resistance
| Germany
50
Central Powers
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire
51
Allied Powers
Great Britain, France, Russia, later the U.S
52
belligerents
warring nations
53
western front
stretched from Switzerland to the English Channel
| approx 600 miles
54
Battle of Marne (Sept 1914)
everyone realized that this would be a long war
55
trench warfare
miles of trenched dug and armies fought in the trenches
56
"no man's land"
barbed wire, land mines, hand grenades, bullets flying
57
eastern front
extended from the Black Sea to the Baltic Sea
58
Bosporous and Dardanelles straits were
strategic waterways
59
"race for the sea"
trying to gain an advantage or control over the waterway
60
industrialized war
weapons were mass produced industrially
61
total war
drafting soldiers, factories converted, women working
62
propaganda
using information to shape public opinion
63
atrocities
brutal acts against civilians
64
German U-boats
underwater boats
| subs
65
contraband
any material used in the war effort
66
unrestrictive submarine warfare
the Germans fired on any ship
67
Lusitania (March 1916)
British cruise liner that was torpedoed and sunk
68
Arabic and Sussex
two other liners that were sunk
69
"Sussex Pledge"
Germans agreed no to fire without a warning
70
elected president in 1916
Woodrow Wilson and his slogan was "He kept us out of war"
71
during the stalemate both sides wonder
if they can break the lines of the enemy
72
"war of attrition"
slow wearing down
73
Arthur Zimmerman
a German official that sends a telegram to Mexico
74
the telegram contents
he is urging Mexico to go to war against the US
75
telegram plus sub warfare
now Americans are in favor of the war
76
"world must be safe for democracy"
Wilson said it and it justifies the US entering the war
77
war shows Russia's
economic weaknesses
78
three of Russia's problems
1. lack of food 2. lack of industry 3. poor transportation 4. army was poorly equipped or supplied 5. army was poorly led 6. led to enormous war losses
79
by the spring of 1917 the people had lost
faith in the government and the czar
80
peasants paid high
takes, (rents, debts)
81
March 1917
czar abdicated his throne
82
govt set up a
provisional government (temporary)
83
petrograd of Soviet Workers and soldiers
tired to bring about reform in Russia
84
soviet meant
council
85
radicals called for
immediate peace
86
Mensheviks
the more moderate radicals
87
Bolsheviks
the more radical group that became known as the Reds(Red Army)
88
leader of the radicals
Vladimir Lenin
89
slogan of the Reds
peace, bread, and land
90
Nov 7, 1917 The Bolsheviks overthrew
the provisional government and took control of Russia
91
new name of the Bolsheviks
Communist Party
92
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 1918)
Russia signed a treaty with the Central Powers
93
czar and his family
were executed
94
Red Army
the Communist forces/army
95
new name for Russia
the Union of Socialist Soviet Republic or USSR
96
propaganda
the use of selected bits of information, both true and false, to get people to back an idea
97
Arthur Zimmerman
official of the German foreign ministry who helped push the US into war
98
war of attrition
a slow wearing down process in which each side tries to outlast the other
99
contraband
war materials supplied by a neutral nation to a belligerent one
100
A.E.F.
American Expeditionary Forces
| the American troops
101
John J. Pershing
"Black Jack"
| the AEF commander
102
"peace offensive"
Germany's last push/attempt to end the war
103
2nd Battle of the Marne (July 15-18)
Allies hold the German advance
| the combined Allied forces were successful
104
Marshall Ferdinand Foch
the French commander of the Allies at the 2nd Battle of the Marne
105
Argonne Forest
47 days of fighting pushes the Germans back
106
October (end of the war)
Ottoman Empire surrendered
107
Nov. 3 (end of the war)
Austria signs an armistice
108
Nov 9 (end of the war)
the kaiser of Germany abdicates
109
Nov 11 (end of the war)
Germany agrees to the armistice
| fighting ends on 11:00 AM on Nov 11, 1918
110
one term of the armistice
Germany renounces its treaty with Russia
111
Peace Conference was held Jan 1919 at
Versailles
112
Big Four
"Architects of Peace"; U.S. President Wilson; British Prime Minister David Lloyd George; French Premier Clemenceau; Italian Prime Minister Orlando
113
war guilt clause
Germany had to admit to starting the war
114
reparations
payment for war damages
| these two things cause extreme bitterness in Germany
115
French reaction
wanted harsh punishment towards Germany
116
Pres. Wilson
| "peace without victory" and "just victory"
meant don't seek revenge
117
Points 1-5
"open covenant"
| no secrecy; freedom of the seas; reduce arms
118
Points 6-13
liberate the former colonies
119
self determination
let that country decide its own government
120
Point 14
the League of Nations; the US Senate did not approve of the League of Nations so we were not a member; in the future the League would not be as powerful because we were not a member
