Chapter 7 Notes

Question 1

scientific revolution

Answer 1

a period when experimentation and mathematics explained the mysteries

Question 2

alchemist

Answer 2

people who attempted to mix metals to make gold

Question 3

astrologists

Answer 3

studied the position of the stars and how they influenced people’s lifes

Question 4

impact of the scientific revolution

Answer 4

people no longer explained the world in terms of religion, magic, or the ancient writings

Question 5

new “tools” for study

Answer 5

experimentation, mathematics, and developing new instruments

Question 6

Ptolemy’s theory

Answer 6

geocentric

means Earth-centered

Question 7

what did the geocentric theory say

Answer 7

it said that the Earth was at the center and everything else revolved around the Earth

Question 8

Why was Ptolemy’s geocentric theory accepted?

Answer 8

1. the church supported it 2. gravity had not yet been discovered

Question 9

Copernicus’s theory

Answer 9

heliocentric

means sun centered

Question 10

What did the heliocentric theory say

Answer 10

1. the sun was at the center of the universe 2. ultimately he could not prove his theory

Question 11

What are Kepler’s laws of planetary motion?

Answer 11

1. The planets travel in an elliptical orbit 2. Planets travel faster when they are closer to the sun 3. There is a relationship in the time that it takes to travel around the sun

Question 12

Galileo

Answer 12

invented telescopes

Question 13

What did Galileo’s published views do?

Answer 13

It got him into conflict with the church and he had to recant his findings

Question 14

Isaac Newton

Answer 14

proposed the law of universal gravitation

Question 15

What did the laws on gravitation do?

Answer 15

They gave credibility to Copernicus’s theory

Question 16

What two things were introduced that changed navigation

Answer 16

astrolabe and compass

Question 17

astrolabe

Answer 17

determined the latitude of a ship

Question 18

What economic changes were caused by the commercial revolution

Answer 18

stable currency
banking services became specialized
late 1400s to 1700s

Question 19

joint-stock company

Answer 19

investors bought shares in a company

These investors became co-owners

Question 20

mercantilism

Answer 20

a country’s wealth was based on how much gold they had

Question 21

balance of trade

Answer 21

where your goods are sold to other countries more than you are having to buy

Question 22

tariffs

Answer 22

a tax on imports

Question 23

What was the role of the colonies

Answer 23

proved the raw materials

They could not trade with other countries

Question 24

Three social changes during this time

Answer 24

the desire to learn more increased
increase in population
opportunity for quick profit

Question 25

Mercantilism stated that

Answer 25

a country's government should do all it could to increase the country's wealth

Question 26

Countries could achieve a favorable balance of trade by

Answer 26

placing tariffs or import taxes on good entering their country

Question 27

Prince Henry also known as

Answer 27

The Navigator

Question 28

First goal of Prince Henry

Answer 28

Find gold for Portugal

Question 29

Bartholomeu Dias 1488

Answer 29

Rounded the tip of South Africa

Question 30

Old name for the tip of South Africa

Answer 30

Cape of storms

Question 31

New name for the tip of South Africa

Answer 31

Cape of Good Hope

Question 32

Vasco deGamma 1498

Answer 32

Rounded the tip and sailed to India

Question 33

Importance of Dias's and deGamma's expeditions

Answer 33

Overseas route to India existed | Broke the Italian monopoly in the Mediterranean

Question 34

Monarchs that financed Columbus's voyage

Answer 34

Ferdinand and Isabella

Question 35

When and where did Columbus land in the Bahama islands

Answer 35

San Salvador October 12 1493

Question 36

West Indies

Answer 36

Islands discovered by Columbus

Question 37

Indians

Answer 37

Name applied to people in the West Indies

Question 38

What happened in the Columbian exchange

Answer 38

Plants, animals, and minerals discovered in the New World | Old and new world coming together

Question 39

Mundus Novus

Answer 39

Name given to the New World

Question 40

Amerigo Vespucci

Answer 40

Believed that America got its name from him

Question 41

Balboa

Answer 41

Discovered the Pacific ocean

Question 42

"Victoria"

Answer 42

Part of Ferdinand Magellan's expedition in 1522 and was the only ship of five to complete the voyage around the world

Question 43

The slave trade 1400s

Answer 43

Explores began capturing African tribes men for slaves

Question 44

Middle passage

Answer 44

Voyage of slave ships across the Atlantic

Question 45

Triangular trade: the Americas

Answer 45

From America to Europe the Americas provided manufactured goods to Europe

Question 46

Triangular trade Europe

Answer 46

Europe sold these manufactured goods for profit

Question 47

Triangular trade Africa

Answer 47

Slaves were shipped to the Americas for labor

Question 48

Name three conditions of the slave ships

Answer 48

Packed below deck Chained to their bunks Very little heat food or water Month long voyage

Question 49

The sole purpose of slaves

Answer 49

Hard plantation labor

Question 50

Papal line of demarcation

Answer 50

Divided new lands between Spain and Portugal

Question 51

What did Portugal get from the line of demarcation

Answer 51

Got All lands east of the line

Question 52

What Did Spain get from the line of demarcation

Answer 52

Got all the lands west of the line

Question 53

Treaty of Tordesillas

Answer 53

Moved the line further west

Question 54

How did Spain benefit from the Treaty of Tordesillas

Answer 54

They would be able to claim land in most of North and South America

Question 55

New Spain

Answer 55

Name given to Spain's New World empire

Question 56

What did the Spanish do to resolve the question on how to govern so far away

Answer 56

They let the natives keep their culture | They had to recognize Spanish authority

Question 57

Three g's on why Spain came to the Americas

Answer 57

Gold, wealth and riches Glory, new lands, new acquisitions= prestige/something to boast about God, try to convert the natives to Christianity

Question 58

Conquistador

Answer 58

Means conqueror

Question 59

Who were the conquistadors

Answer 59

These were the Spanish soldiers/explorers

Question 60

Cortes conquered the

Answer 60

Aztecs | 1519 Hernando Cortes leads his expedition into Mexico

Question 61

Montezuma

Answer 61

The Aztec chief

Question 62

Pizarro conquered the

Answer 62

Incas | 1530 Pizarro leads his expedition into South America

Question 63

Atahualpa

Answer 63

The Inca chief

Question 64

Viceroy

Answer 64

The king's representative in the New World

Question 65

Century of gold

Answer 65

1550-1640 | The height of the gold-mining in the Americas

Question 66

Encomienda

Answer 66

A system where the Europeans were supposed tolook after the welfare of the natives

Question 67

What happened to the natives

Answer 67

Disease and weapons wiped out thousands of the native Americans

Question 68

Historians call the period between the late 1400s and 1700s the commercial revolution because

Answer 68

Europeans greatly changed their basic business practices

Question 69

New types of business organizations helpdexploration; for example, a joint stock company allowed

Answer 69

Many investors to become co-owners in a single business venture

Question 70

Became known as the navigator and was largely responsible for Portugal's interest in exploration

Answer 70

Prince Henry

Question 71

Made in Overland Crossing of the Isthmus of Panama and proved that the New World was not part of Asia

Answer 71

Vasco Núñez de Balboa

Question 72

Moved the imaginary line drawn from north to south in the middle of the Atlantic and settled the Spanish and Portuguese conflict over new lands

Answer 72

Treaty of Tordesillas

Question 73

Made an overseas route from Europe to India and the East Indies available

Answer 73

Bartolomeu Dias | Vasco da agama

Question 74

Believed that a shorter route to Asia good be found by sailing west word from Spain, instead of around Africa

Answer 74

Christopher Columbus

Question 75

Allowed products, plants, animals, and diseases to travel between the western and eastern hemisphere

Answer 75

Colombian exchange

Question 76

Sailed in 1513 northward from the Caribbean to Florida, on the North American mainland

Answer 76

Poncé de Leon

Question 77

Carved out a huge empire in_______ and plundered the mighty Aztec civilization

Answer 77

Mexico | Hernán Cortéz

Question 78

The Dutch East India Company was founded in 1602 and controlled all of the trade between the Netherlands and the

Answer 78

East Indies