Chapter 14 Notes

Question 1

new power source in 1870

Answer 1

electricity

Question 2

Michael Faraday/magnetism

Answer 2

he discovered that he could use magnetism to generate electricity which led to the development of the first electric generator

Question 3

early light bulb problem

Answer 3

they burned out in a number of minutes

Question 4

to make electricity practical

Answer 4

it had to be transmitted efficiently from where it was generated to where it would be used

Question 5

hydroelectric power

Answer 5

water-generated power

Question 6

Alexander Graham Bell

Answer 6

invented the telephone

Question 7

Guglielmo Marconi

Answer 7

developed a way to send messages through space without wires (wireless telegraphs)

Question 8

Charles and Frank Duryea

Answer 8

built the first successful gasoline driven automobile in the United States

Question 9

Henry Ford

Answer 9

made thousands of cars using the assembly line and produced the first commercially successful automobile, the Model T

Question 10

Wilbur and Orville Wright

Answer 10

first people to achieve a sustained controlled flight in a powered airplane

Question 11

where the Wright brothers’ flight took place

Answer 11

Kitty Hawk, NC

Question 12

the scientific principles governing the movement of air around objects

Answer 12

aerodynamics

Question 13

How were Thomas Edison’s lightbulbs and improvement on the one’s that came before?

Answer 13

the ones that came before burned out in a number of minutes; they burned for two days

Question 14

How was the internal combustion engine different than engines that came before it?

Answer 14

the ones that came before it were limited because they had to remain connected to a power source; it created its own power and functioned on its own

Question 15

biological sciences

Answer 15

sciences that deal with living organisms

biology, genetics, anatomy, botany, and zoology

Question 16

physical sciences

Answer 16

deal with nonliving matter and energy; physics, chemistry, astronomy, and geology

Question 17

cell theory

Answer 17

1. all living things are made up of these tiny units of living matter 2. all cells divide and multiply causing organisms to grow and mature

Question 18

On the Origin of Species

Answer 18

Charles Darwin’s book that was his theory of evolution

Question 19

survival of the fittest or natural selection

Answer 19

those who survive will be those whose characteristics are best adapted to their environment

Question 20

controversy on Darwin’s evolution theory

Answer 20

1. it stated that humans developed from animals 2. contradicted the story of creation in the Bible

Question 21

Gregor Mendel

Answer 21

founded genetics

Question 22

genetics

Answer 22

the study of how the inborn characteristics of plants and animals are inherited by their descendants

Question 23

traits

Answer 23

those inborn characteristics

Question 24

Edward Jenner

Answer 24

developed the smallpox vaccine

Question 25

Louis Pasteur/bacteria

Answer 25

he identified microorganisms called bacteria; his experiments showed that bacteria reproduce like other living things

Question 26

pasteurization

Answer 26

a process of heating liquids to kill bacteria and prevent fermentation

Question 27

Joseph Lister

Answer 27

developed antisepsis which is the use of chemicals to kill disease causing germs

Question 28

Alexander Fleming

Answer 28

discovered penicillin

Question 29

Mendeleyev

Answer 29

made the first workable classification of the elements (periodic table)

Question 30

The Curies/radioactivity

Answer 30

they worked with radioactivity and found that certain elements constantly break down to release energy in a process called radioactivity

Question 31

William Rontgen

Answer 31

discovered x-rays

Question 32

Albert Einstein

Answer 32

worked on the atom bomb; a young German scientist who published four papers that would forever change physics

Question 33

theory of relativity

Answer 33

no particle of matter can move faster than the speed of light and that motion can be measured only relative to a particle observer

Question 34

E=mc2

Answer 34

e=energy; m=mass; c=speed of light; expresses the relationship between energy and mass

Question 35

What characterized many of the people who emigrated during the 1800s?

Answer 35

they wanted better jobs, to better their economic condition, and to also better their political situation

Question 36

Why did people move from one place to another in Europe?

Answer 36

they moved to places where there were more jobs available or higher wages

Question 37

social sciences

Answer 37

those branches of knowledge that scientifically study people as members of society

Question 38

archaeology

Answer 38

the study of human culture through the artifacts people leave behind

Question 39

anthropology

Answer 39

the study of different societies both past and present

Question 40

sociology

Answer 40

the study of human relationships in a society

Question 41

Auguste Comte

Answer 41

one of the founders of sociology

Question 42

social Darwinism

Answer 42

people that are strong and have wealth have superior characteristics; poverty proved that people were unfit

Question 43

psychology

Answer 43

studies the mind and human behavior

Question 44

Ivan Pavlov/"classical conditioning"

Answer 44

there is a stimulus that illicites a response; discovered the conditioned reflex

Question 45

Sigmund Freud/psychoanalysis

Answer 45

he developed psychoanalysis; the unconscious is a determining factor in human behavior

Question 46

emigrations/change in populations

Answer 46

movements of people away from their native lands; estimated 10 million people left Europe for the Americas during this time

Question 47

bobbies

Answer 47

Robert Peel organized the first permanent police force in London

Question 48

suburbs

Answer 48

residential areas on the outskirts of cites

Question 49

Laissez-faire/capitalism

Answer 49

wants govt not to meddle in the operations of business/means let it be in French; individuals rather than govt control the factors of production

Question 50

Karl Marx/revolt of workers/socialist society

Answer 50

whet the workers rebel and united we will have a classless society