Chapter Four Notes Questions Flashcards
the Middle Ages took place between the end of _______ and beginning of the __________
classical age
modern world
The Middle Ages were also called the
medieval period/times
In 481 AD _______ becomes ruler of one of the Frankish tribes
Clovis
dynasty established by Clovis
Merovingians
Because of Clovis’s conversion to Christianity, he receives the support of ________.
the Christian Church
originally the “mayor of the palace” was
chief of the royal palace
ultimately the mayor of the palace was
the real ruler of each kingdom
What was Charles Martel known as?
Charles the Hammer
In 732 AD the ________ was a war between ________ and _______ and was won by the _______.
Battle of Tours; Christians; Muslims; Christians
Pepin the Short was the son of _______
Charles Martel
the dynasty of Pepin the Short
Carolingians
Donation of Pepin
territory Pepin won and the gave as a gift of land to the pope
Charlemagne was the son of _______
Pepin the Short
Charlemagne was known as
Charles the Great
Charlemagne was the greatest of all
Frankish kings
New Rome
Charlemagne’s new empire that he wished to build in what is now France and Germany
Spanish March
a small strip of land won by Charlemagne from the Moors by driving the Muslims out
buffer zone
a buffer between Christians and Muslim Europe
the Spanish March was this
Charlemagne was crowned what by the pope?
Emperor of the Romans
Missi Dominici
means the Lord’s messengers
appointed officials who helped Charlemagne run his empire
Louis the Pious was
Charlemagne’s only surviving son
The Treaty of Verdun in 843 did what?
It divided Charlemagne’s empire between his three grandsons
Vikings
known as Norsemen or Northmen
were the most feared people
Vikings come from
Scandinavia
Norway, Sweden, and Denmark
Feudalism was a system of
- local governing 2. granting and receiving land 3. and obligations
an unwritten contract between nobles providing for land and certain obligations
Feudal contract
fief
these were the feudal estates
obligations of a lord to a vassal
- provided the land 2. provided for a court of justice
obligations of a vassal to a lord
must give 1. your loyalty 2. military service (3. maintain land)
lord
nobility who granted the fief
vassals
a lesser lord who received the fief
serfs
peasants who were tied to the land; did hard labor; peasantry
What did the church acquire large amounts of in the feudal system?
tremendous amounts of property
Three causes of war
- boundary disputes 2. inheritance disputes 3. family feuds
“Peace of God”
the church instituted periods of peace where there would be no fighting (breaks in fighting that the church enforced)
Forbidden to attack
people called noncombatants
could not attack old people, children, women, clergy, and townspeople
an economic system revolving around self-sufficient estates
manorialism
manor
large estates
Manors were
self-sufficient
domain
the land kept by the lord of the manor for himself
what percent of the population was peasantry
95%
What were the peasants working conditions like?
5-6 days working from sun-up to sundown hard labor
cheval
get the word chivalry from this
means: the art of managing and training your horse
code of chivalry directed what?
an knight’s behavior towards others
the code eventually extended those knightly qualities to
people of lower classes
three characteristics of a mounted knight
- had heavy armor 2. had a weapon of some sorts 3. had a horse and a coat of arms
For the nobility, wars were opportunities for
glory or wealth
For the rest of society, wars were
a major cause of suffering and hardship
trial by ordeal
accused would have to endure an ordeal and innocence or guilt was determined by how quickly the wounds healed
compurgation
accuser and accused brought in character witnesses who testified on their behalf
Page
began at age seven; learned knightly manners and began to learn how to use and care for weapons
squire
took care of a knight’s horse, armor, and weapons and would also accompany knight into battle
hierarchy
a ranking
an order of power from lowest to highest
parish priest
directly served the people in his church; could administer five of the seven sacraments
sacraments
ceremonies at which the people received God’s direct favor
pope
held supreme authority over the Roman Catholic Church
canon law
the church’s own code of law
clergy
any church related official was a part of this group
interdiction
the Catholic Church’s punishment of a region where the church was closed and sacraments were denied
excommunication
when a person is cut off from the church and could not receive sacraments or be buried on sacred ground; effectively removed a person from society
heresy
most serious crime in the Middle Ages
opinion that conflicts with the church’s doctrines
heretic
one convicted of heresy and denied the teachings of the church; sentenced to death
investiture
when a nobleman could appoint a friend or relative to hight positions within the church
inquisition
a special court that tried only heretics or heresy cases
Anglo-Saxon (England)
the Angles and the Saxons were the primary Germanic tribes in England
“Land of the Angles”
is ultimately going to be referred to as England
shires
government districts
The Norman conquest begins
the Norman line of kings
Normandy
located in France (and is where William, Duke of Normandy is from)
Harold of Wessex
related by marriage to Edward the Confessor and is the opposition to William the Conqueror as both of them claim the throne
Battle of Hastings 1066
who defeated who and what is happens as a result
William defeated Harold. William becomes king and is known as William the Conqueror.
The Domesday Book
recorded all taxable property and the value of it
absolute ruler
a ruler with absolute authority; complete control
Magna Carta (1215) known as
the Great Charter
what was significant about the Magna Carta
The king was not above the law anymore
had to obey the law
common law
a law based on customs
Dept. of the Exchequer
deals with the king’s finances
circuits
the routes that he judges traveled from town to town
trial by jury
where the jury would determine the guilt or innocence of the accused
Parliament
the legislative body of England
House of Lords
nobles and clergy
House of Commons
knights and free citizens(burgesses)
Court of Exchequer
dealt with financial matters
Court of Common Pleas
dealt with ordinary citizens
Court of King’s Bench
dealt with cases concerning the king or the government
living law
a law that changes with the conditions of the times
leader of the Norman conquest
Duke William of Normandy
William required
all his subjects to swear loyalty to him the king
William became known as
William the Conqueror
duty of Parliament
originally and advisory body to the king but became the legislative body
