Chapter Five Flashcards
The Holy Land is known as
Palestine
The Crusades
a series of military expeditions to regain the Holy Land
Seljuk Turks
Muslims from East Asia
What was the Council of Clermont
a meeting that Pope Urban II called to urge the crusaders to take back the holy land after he sees the holy land being taken
What does Pope Urban II do at the Council of Clermont?
issues a call to recapture the holy land
Crusader
Term for people who volunteered to fight in the Crusades
How many people volunteered for the Crusades?
About 60,000 people volunteered to fight against the Turks
Promises made to those who fought in the Crusades
- Adventure 2. If you die in battle you will receive salvation 3. the rumor of wealth and riches
What happened to Jerusalem in the first Crusade
Was captured by the Muslims and Christians won it at the end of the Crusades
Saladin
Muslim leader in the third Crusade
The European leaders of the third crusade
- Frederick Barbardsa- Holy Roman Emperor 2. Richard the Lionhearted- King of England 3. Philip II- King of France
How successful were the leaders of the third Crusade
All three were unsuccessful
What did the merchants of Venice, Italy do in the fourth crusade
They persuaded the Crusaders to attack Constantinople
What was Constantinople
The rival city of Venice
What happened in 1204 to Constantinople
It is taken and looted by the crusaders and the crusaders were excommunicated
What happened at the beginning of the Children’s Crusade
an army of children marched towards the Holy Land
How did the Children’s Crusade end
Thousands were captured and sold into slavery
What was the overall objective of the Crusades
to regain control of the Holy Land
Were the Crusades a success
no. they were a failure because only one was successful
What was the political result of the Crusades
the European kings regained their authority
usury
loaning money for very high interest
bills of exchange
merchants payed for goods in distant cities without having to carry large amounts of money
What was the economic and social change brought about by the Crusades?
wealth not property determined one’s social status
three trading cities of Italy
Genoa, Pisa, and Venice
Hanseatic League
located in Germany; a group of trading cities joined together to protect their rights and interests
What was the reason that the Hanseatic League was formed?
There was a weak central government so they came together to control trade and protect their rights, interests, and members
name some luxury goods
dyes, medicines, silks, and spices
name some manufactured goods
cotton cloth, linen, and art objects
barter economy
goods and services were exchanged for other goods and services without the use of money
domestic system
a system of manufacturing that developed in the Middle Ages where manufacturing took place in a worker’s home rather than in a shop or factory
capital
wealth that is earned, saved, and invested to make profits
market economy
land, labor, and capital are controlled by individuals
usury
charging interests on loans
charters
written statements of the rights of the townspeople
what were the four basic rights granted to townspeople
freedom
exemption
town justice
commercial privileges
freedom
if you lived in the town for a year and a day you would be granted freedom
exemption
free from work on the manor once granted freedom
town justice
the court system of the towns
commercial privileges
you could sell your goods in town
the new middle class fell between
the nobility and the (already existing) middle class (working middle class)
the French middle class
Bourgeoisie
the English middle class
Burgesses
the German middle class
Burghers
How did the middle class gain power
through their economic status
guilds
associations of merchants that governed the towns
What did the Merchant guild do?
they set prices(determined the value of a product) and maintained quality standards
What did the craft guilds consist of?
Skilled craftsmen were members. They set the rules for their trade. Members trained younger craftsmen.
just price
the cost of materials plus a reasonable profit
Facts about the apprentice
started usually around seven or eight years old; the apprentice learned the craft and earned no wages; usually lasted for about a five to ten year period
journeyman
a skilled worker that now received wages; next step up from apprentice
masterpiece
a work that would be judged by a master craftsman
What happened in your masterpiece was approved?
you became a guild member
three appeals of the town
better opportunities
provided protection
provided social interaction
three dangers of towns
fire
thieves, pickpockets, robbers
no sanitation
diseases/epidemics ran rampant
Black Death was also know as
the bubonic plague
Some symptoms of the Black Death
fever
open sores on skin that eventually turned black
How did the Black Death get to Europe
caravans from Asia brought rats that brought fleas and fleas were the carriers of the disease
What was the impact of the plague?
about 20 million people in Europe died
priests could not deliver last rites to all of the dying
Hundred Years’ War was for control of the
French throne
Edward III
English monarch who claims French throne
what did Edward do in 1337
invade France
Joan of Arc
was a young peasant girl who claimed that God had spoken to her (and chosen her to lead the French against the English)
Wars of the Roses was for control of the
English throne
the Wars of the Roses was fought between
two royal families
Who were the fighting families and what were their family symbols
Lancasters-red rose
Yorks-white rose
Henry Tudor
(is a Lancaster and on the winning side) becomes Henry VII and establishes the Tudor dynasty
Ferdinand and Isabella were what type of monarchs
duel monarchs
inquisition
court that tried on the crime of heresy
Reconquista
the Spaniards try to drive the Muslims out of Spain
during Pope Innocent III rule the medieval papacy
reached the height of its power
Church was questioned on _____, ______, and _______.
land holdings
raising money
rich clergy
What did Pope Clement do in 1309
He moved the headquarters of the church to France
New headquarters:
Old headquarters:
Avignon, France
Rome, Italy
What began the Great Schism
Roman cardinals elect an Italian pope to please local mobs. Later, cardinals elect a French pope who resided in Avignon
What did the Council of Constance in 1417 do
it eliminates both popes and elects a new (Italian) pope
John Wycliffe
a priest and teacher at Oxford
John Wycliffe didn’t believe in
the absolute power of the church
John Wycliffe believed what about the Bible
he believed it was the only thing needed for salvation
John Huss did what
criticized abuses in the church
What was John Huss’s punishment
was excommunicated and then later burned at the stake
