Chapter 9.1 t/m 9.5 Flashcards
motivation
the process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met.
extrinsic motivation
type of motivation in which a person performs an action because it leads to an outcome that is separate from or external to the person.
intrinsic motivation
type of motivation in which a person performs an action because the act itself is rewarding or satisfying in some internal manner.
instincts
the biologically determined and innate patterns of behavior that exist in both people and animals.
need
a requirement of some material (such as food or water) that is essential for survival of the organism.
drive
a psychological tension and physical arousal arising when there is a need that motivates the organism to act in order to fulfill the need and reduce the tension.
An urgent basic need
drive-reduction theory
A psychological need or drive simply compels us to reduce that need.
primary drives
those drives that involve needs of the body such as hunger and thirst.
acquired (secondary) drives
those drives that are learned through experience or conditioning, such as the need for money or social approval.
homeostasis
the tendency of the body to maintain a steady state.
need for affiliation (nAff)
the need for friendly social interactions and relationships with others.
need for power (nPow)
the need to have control or influence over others.
need for achievement (nAch)
a need that involves a strong desire
to succeed in attaining goals, not only realistic ones but also challenging ones.
stimulus motive
a motive that appears to be unlearned but causes an increase in stimulation, such as curiosity.
arousal theory
theory of motivation in which people are said to have an optimal (best or ideal) level of tension that they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation.
We’re motivated to maintain a balance between stimulation and relaxation
Suggest that people are driven to perform actions in. order to maintain an optimum level of psychological arousal.
Yerkes-Dodson law
law stating that when tasks are simple, a higher level of arousal leads to better performance; when tasks are difficult, lower levels of arousal lead to better performance.
sensation seeker
someone who needs more arousal than the average person.
incentives
things that attract or lure people into action.
incentive approaches
theories of motivation in which behavior is explained as a response to the external stimulus and its rewarding properties.
Suggest that motivation stems from the desire to obtain valued external goals or incentives.
self-actualization
according to Maslow, the point that is seldom reached at which people have sufficiently satisfied the lower needs and achieved their full human potential.
Complete realization at one’s own potential and the full development of one’s abilities and appreciation for life.
peak experiences
according to Maslow, times in a person’s life during which self- actualization is temporarily achieved.
self-determination theory (SDT)
theory of human motivation in which the social context of an action has
an effect on the type of motivation existing for the action.
