Chapter 5.4 t/m 5.9 Flashcards
neurofeedback
form of biofeedback using brainscanning devices to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior.
biofeedback
Using feedback of information and, through its use many problem can be relieved or controlled
applied behavior analysis (ABA)
modern term for a form of functional analysis and behavior modification that uses a variety of behavioral techniques to mold a desired behavior or response.
token economy
the use of objects called tokens to reinforce behavior in which the tokens can be accumulated and exchanged for desired items or privileges.
behavior modification
the use of learning techniques to modify or change undesirable behavior and increase desirable behavior.
instinctive drift
tendency for an animal’s behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns.
shaping
small steps toward some ultimate goal are reinforced until the goal itself is reached
discriminative stimulus
any stimulus, such as a stop sign or a doorknob, that provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement.
punishment by removal
the punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus.
punishment by application
the punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus.
punishment
any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again.
variable ratio schedule of reinforcement
schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event.
fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement
schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same.
variable interval schedule of reinforcement
schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event.
fixed interval schedule of reinforcement
schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same.
continuous reinforcement
the reinforcement of each and every correct response.
partial reinforcement effect
the tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction.
negative reinforcement
the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus.
positive reinforcement
the reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus.
secondary reinforcer
any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars.
primary reinforcer
any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch.
reinforcers
any events or objects that, when following a response, increase the likelihood of that response occurring again.
reinforcement
any event or stimulus, that when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again.
operant
any behavior that is voluntary and not elicited by specific stimuli.
law of effect
law stating that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed
by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated.
operant conditioning
the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses.
