Chapter 5.4 t/m 5.9

Question 1

neurofeedback

Answer 1

form of biofeedback using brainscanning devices to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior.

Question 2

biofeedback

Answer 2

Using feedback of information and, through its use many problem can be relieved or controlled

Question 3

applied behavior analysis (ABA)

Answer 3

modern term for a form of functional analysis and behavior modification that uses a variety of behavioral techniques to mold a desired behavior or response.

Question 4

token economy

Answer 4

the use of objects called tokens to reinforce behavior in which the tokens can be accumulated and exchanged for desired items or privileges.

Question 5

behavior modification

Answer 5

the use of learning techniques to modify or change undesirable behavior and increase desirable behavior.

Question 6

instinctive drift

Answer 6

tendency for an animal’s behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns.

Question 7

shaping

Answer 7

small steps toward some ultimate goal are reinforced until the goal itself is reached

Question 8

discriminative stimulus

Answer 8

any stimulus, such as a stop sign or a doorknob, that provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement.

Question 9

punishment by removal

Answer 9

the punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus.

Question 10

punishment by application

Answer 10

the punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus.

Question 11

punishment

Answer 11

any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again.

Question 12

variable ratio schedule of reinforcement

Answer 12

schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event.

Question 13

fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement

Answer 13

schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same.

Question 14

variable interval schedule of reinforcement

Answer 14

schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event.

Question 15

fixed interval schedule of reinforcement

Answer 15

schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same.

Question 16

continuous reinforcement

Answer 16

the reinforcement of each and every correct response.

Question 17

partial reinforcement effect

Answer 17

the tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction.

Question 18

negative reinforcement

Answer 18

the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus.

Question 19

positive reinforcement

Answer 19

the reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus.

Question 20

secondary reinforcer

Answer 20

any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars.

Question 21

primary reinforcer

Answer 21

any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch.

Question 22

reinforcers

Answer 22

any events or objects that, when following a response, increase the likelihood of that response occurring again.

Question 23

reinforcement

Answer 23

any event or stimulus, that when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again.

Question 24

operant

Answer 24

any behavior that is voluntary and not elicited by specific stimuli.

Question 25

law of effect

Answer 25

law stating that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated.

Question 26

operant conditioning

Answer 26

the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses.