8.6 t/m 8.8 Flashcards
What is preferential looking
preferential looking assumes that the longer an infant spends looking at a stimulus, the more the infant prefers that stimulus over others
What is habituation?
Habituation is the tendency for infants (and adults) to stop paying attention to a stimulus that does not change.
5 infant reflexes
grasping, startle/moro, rooting, stepping reflex and sucking reflex
Synaptic pruning
A necessary loss of neurons. As unused synaptic connections and nerve cells are cleared away to make way for functioning connections and cells
6 motor milestones
Raising head and chest- 2 to 4 months Rolling over- 2 to 5 months Sitting up with support-4 to 6 months Sitting up without support-6 to 7 months crawling-7 to 8 months walking-8 to 18 months
cognitive development
the development of thinking, problem solving, and memory.
schemes
in this case, a mental concept formed through experiences with objects and events.
sensorimotor stage
Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development, in which the infant uses its senses and motor abilities to interact with objects in the environment.
Jean Piaget’s theory
His theory suggests that children move through four different stages of mental development. His theory focuses not only on understanding how children acquire knowledge, but also on understanding the nature of intelligence.
object permanence
the knowledge that an object exists even when it is not in sight.
preoperational stage
Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development, in which the preschool child learns to use language as a means of exploring the world. ages 2-7
egocentrism
the inability to see the world through anyone else’s eyes.
centration
in Piaget’s theory, the tendency of a young child to focus only on one feature of an object while ignoring other relevant features
conservation
in Piaget’s theory, the ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an object does not change the object’s nature.
irreversibility
in Piaget’s theory, the inability
of the young child to mentally reverse an action.
Animism
They believe that everything is alive and has feelings just like their own.
concrete operations stage
Piaget’s third stage of cognitive development, in which the school-age child becomes capable of logical thought processes but is not yet capable of abstract thinking. Ages 7-12
formal operations stage
Piaget’s last stage of cognitive development, in which the adolescent becomes capable of abstract thinking. Ages 12 to adulthood.
scaffolding
process in which a more skilled learner gives help to a less skilled learner, reducing the amount of help as the less skilled learner becomes more capable.
zone of proximal development (ZPD)
Vygotsky’s concept of the difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do with the help
of a teacher.
temperament
the behavioral characteristics that are fairly well established at birth, such as “easy,” “difficult,” and “slow to warm up;” the enduring characteristics with which each person is born.
attachment
the emotional bond between an infant and the primary caregiver.
self-concept
the image of oneself that develops from interactions with important significant people in one’s life.
Vygotsky’s theory
Vygotsky stressed the importance of social and cultural interactions with other people, typically more highly skilled children and adults. believed that parents, caregivers, peers, and the culture at large are responsible for developing higher-order functions.
Erikson’s theory
Erikson became convinced that social interactions were more important in development than Freud’s emphasis on sexual development, believed that development occurred in a series of eight stages, with the first four of these stages occurring in infancy and childhood.
