8.6 t/m 8.8

Question 1

What is preferential looking

Answer 1

preferential looking assumes that the longer an infant spends looking at a stimulus, the more the infant prefers that stimulus over others

Question 2

What is habituation?

Answer 2

Habituation is the tendency for infants (and adults) to stop paying attention to a stimulus that does not change.

Question 3

5 infant reflexes

Answer 3

grasping, startle/moro, rooting, stepping reflex and sucking reflex

Question 4

Synaptic pruning

Answer 4

A necessary loss of neurons. As unused synaptic connections and nerve cells are cleared away to make way for functioning connections and cells

Question 5

6 motor milestones

Answer 5

Raising head and chest- 2 to 4 months
Rolling over- 2 to 5 months
Sitting up with support-4 to 6 months
Sitting up without support-6 to 7 months
crawling-7 to 8 months
walking-8 to 18 months

Question 6

cognitive development

Answer 6

the development of thinking, problem solving, and memory.

Question 7

schemes

Answer 7

in this case, a mental concept formed through experiences with objects and events.

Question 8

sensorimotor stage

Answer 8

Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development, in which the infant uses its senses and motor abilities to interact with objects in the environment.

Question 9

Jean Piaget’s theory

Answer 9

His theory suggests that children move through four different stages of mental development. His theory focuses not only on understanding how children acquire knowledge, but also on understanding the nature of intelligence.

Question 10

object permanence

Answer 10

the knowledge that an object exists even when it is not in sight.

Question 11

preoperational stage

Answer 11

Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development, in which the preschool child learns to use language as a means of exploring the world. ages 2-7

Question 12

egocentrism

Answer 12

the inability to see the world through anyone else’s eyes.

Question 13

centration

Answer 13

in Piaget’s theory, the tendency of a young child to focus only on one feature of an object while ignoring other relevant features

Question 14

conservation

Answer 14

in Piaget’s theory, the ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an object does not change the object’s nature.

Question 15

irreversibility

Answer 15

in Piaget’s theory, the inability

of the young child to mentally reverse an action.

Question 16

Animism

Answer 16

They believe that everything is alive and has feelings just like their own.

Question 17

concrete operations stage

Answer 17

Piaget’s third stage of cognitive development, in which the school-age child becomes capable of logical thought processes but is not yet capable of abstract thinking. Ages 7-12

Question 18

formal operations stage

Answer 18

Piaget’s last stage of cognitive development, in which the adolescent becomes capable of abstract thinking. Ages 12 to adulthood.

Question 19

scaffolding

Answer 19

process in which a more skilled learner gives help to a less skilled learner, reducing the amount of help as the less skilled learner becomes more capable.

Question 20

zone of proximal development (ZPD)

Answer 20

Vygotsky’s concept of the difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do with the help
of a teacher.

Question 21

temperament

Answer 21

the behavioral characteristics that are fairly well established at birth, such as “easy,” “difficult,” and “slow to warm up;” the enduring characteristics with which each person is born.

Question 22

attachment

Answer 22

the emotional bond between an infant and the primary caregiver.

Question 23

self-concept

Answer 23

the image of oneself that develops from interactions with important significant people in one’s life.

Question 24

Vygotsky’s theory

Answer 24

Vygotsky stressed the importance of social and cultural interactions with other people, typically more highly skilled children and adults. believed that parents, caregivers, peers, and the culture at large are responsible for developing higher-order functions.

Question 25

Erikson’s theory

Answer 25

Erikson became convinced that social interactions were more important in development than Freud’s emphasis on sexual development, believed that development occurred in a series of eight stages, with the first four of these stages occurring in infancy and childhood.