Chapter 7.1 t/m 7.5

Question 1

thinking (cognition)

Answer 1

mental activity that goes on in the brain when a person is organizing and attempting to understand information and communicating information to others.

Question 2

mental images

Answer 2

mental representations that stand for objects or events and have a picture-like quality.

Question 3

concepts

Answer 3

ideas that represent a class or category of objects, events, or activities.

Question 4

prototype

Answer 4

an example of a concept that closely matches the defining characteristics of the concept.

Question 5

How does our brain create a mental image?

Answer 5

areas of the cortex associated with stored knowledge send information to the visual cortex, where the image is perceived in the “mind’s eye”

Question 6

How an actual image goes inside the bran?

Answer 6

the information goes from the eyes to the visual cortex of the occipital lobe and is processed, or interpreted, by other areas of the cortex that compare the new information to information already in memory.

Question 7

divergent thinking

Answer 7

type of thinking in which a person starts from one point and comes up with many different ideas or possibilities based on that point.

Question 8

problem solving

Answer 8

process of cognition that occurs when a goal must be reached by thinking and behaving in certain ways.

Question 9

convergent thinking

Answer 9

type of thinking in which a problem is seen as having only one answer, and all lines of thinking will eventually lead to that single answer, using previous knowledge and logic.

Question 10

creativity

Answer 10

the process of solving problems by combining ideas or behavior in new ways.

Question 11

confirmation bias

Answer 11

the tendency to search for evidence that fits one’s beliefs while ignoring any evidence that does not fit those beliefs.

Question 12

mental set

Answer 12

the tendency for people to persist in using problem-solving patterns that have worked for them in the past.

Question 13

functional fixedness

Answer 13

a block to problem solving that comes from thinking about objects in terms of only their typical functions

Question 14

availability heuristic

Answer 14

estimating the frequency or likelihood of an event based on how easy it is to recall relevant information from memory or how easy it is for us to think of related examples.

Question 15

representativeness heuristic

Answer 15

assumption that any object (or person) sharing characteristics with the members of a particular category is also a member of that category.

Question 16

heuristic

Answer 16

an educated guess based on prior experiences that helps narrow down the possible solutions for a problem. Also known as a “rule of thumb.”

Question 17

algorithms

Answer 17

very specific, step-by-step procedures for solving certain types of problems.

Question 18

trial and error (mechanical solution)

Answer 18

problem-solving method in which one possible solution after another is tried until a successful one is found.

Question 19

decision making

Answer 19

process of cognition that involves identifying, evaluating, and choosing among several alternatives.