Chapter 8.1 t/m 8.3

Question 1

human development

Answer 1

the scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception until death.

Question 2

longitudinal design

Answer 2

research design in which one participant or group of participants is studied over a long period of time.

Question 3

cross-sectional design

Answer 3

research design in which several different participant age-groups are studied at one particular point in time.

Question 4

cross-sequential design

Answer 4

research design in which participants are first studied by means of
a cross-sectional design but are also followed and assessed longitudinally.

Question 5

cohort effect

Answer 5

the impact on development occurring when a group of people share
a common time period or common life experience.

Question 6

nature

Answer 6

the influence of our inherited characteristics on our personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions

Question 7

nurture

Answer 7

the influence of the environment on personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions.

Question 8

genetics

Answer 8

the study of heredity in general and of genes in particular.

Question 9

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Answer 9

special molecule that contains the genetic material of the organism.

Question 10

gene

Answer 10

the basic physical and functional unit of heredity.

Question 11

chromosomes

Answer 11

tightly wound strand of genetic material or DNA.

Question 12

dominant

Answer 12

referring to a gene that actively controls the expression of a trait.

Question 13

recessive

Answer 13

referring to a gene that only influences the expression of a trait when paired with an identical gene.

Question 14

three research designs

Answer 14

longitudinal , cross-sectional, cross-sequential.

Question 15

What are autosomes?

Answer 15

22 chromosome pairs what determine characteristics

Question 16

What is polygenic inheritance?

Answer 16

Almost all traits are influenced by more than one pair of genes in this process

Question 17

What is cystic fibrosis

Answer 17

a disease of the respiratory and digestive tracts

Question 18

What is sickle-cell anemia

Answer 18

a blood disorder

Question 19

What is Tay-Sachs disorder

Answer 19

a fatal neurological disorder

Question 20

What is phenylketonuria (PKU)

Answer 20

an infant is born without the ability to break down phenylalanine, an amino acid controlling coloring of the skin and hair. If levels of phenylalanine build up, brain damage can occur; if untreated, it can result in severe intellectual disabilities.

Question 21

Down syndrome

Answer 21

a disorder in which there is an extra chromosome in what would normally be the 21st pair

Question 22

Klinefelter’s syndrome

Answer 22

there is an extra sex chromosome in the 23rd pair, what makes is XXY. with the extra X producing a male with reduced masculine characteristics, enlarged breasts, obesity, and excessive height

Question 23

Turner’s syndrome

Answer 23

the 23rd pair is actually missing an X, so that the result is a lone X chromosome. These females tend to be very short, infertile, and sexually underdeveloped

Question 24

Behavioral genetics

Answer 24

A field of study in which researchers try to determine how much of behavior is the result of genetic inheritance and how much is due to a person’s experiences

Question 25

How many chromosomes do we have?

Answer 25

46 in each cell body or 23 pairs.