Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

microbiology > chapter 9/13(diana's version) > Flashcards

chapter 9/13(diana's version) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

not cells on their own (acellular, needs a host cell in order to replicate)

A

virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

true or false, virus causes propogation?

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what does intracellular parasites mean, in terms of viruses?

A

it means, that one suffers and the other benefits, in this cases the virus benefits rathe than the human (host), since it can cause disease in us.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

name the virus features:

A

filterable disease causing agents(meaning they exist)
acellular : do not have a plasma membrane
contain single type of nucleic acid : either RNA or DNA (never both)
surrounded by a protein coat called capsid
may or may not additional envelope of lipids or and proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is swine influenza?

A

pig influenza

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is avian influenza?

A

bird influenza

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Influenza A virus?

A

human influenza

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

viruses can infect animals, plants , fungi, protozoa and bacteria. Therefore they can create_______

A

they can create pandemic because they are able to cause disease with different type of hosts (impossible to get rid of all of them)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Host range:
TO be able to infect a cell the virus must recognize particular features on the host cell surface:

name an example

A

HIV recognizes a specific receptor CD4 on human immune cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

name the structure of a virus

A

1) single nucleotide
2) capsid
3)envelope(not all virus have this)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

the genetic material can be either ____ or ______ stranded, name the possible outcome

A

dsDNA
ssDNA
dsRNA
ssRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

human is always linear and double stranded is that true?

A

that is true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

capsid : name the characteristics

A

protein coat surrounding the nucleic acid
made up of individual proteins called capsomeres
provides the virus with its shape
the capsomere arrangement its characteristics of a particular virus
nucleocapsid: is the nucleic acid and the capsid together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

does shape matter in virus?

A

it does not matter, only in identification but no overall it does not matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

does every single virus have a capsid?

A

yes, they do have a capsid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

diseases that are caused by viruses with an envelope, has a protective outer layer that surrounds the virus?

A

this is in fact true, they have an external coating surrounding the nucleocapsid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

viruses are either:

A

non envelope/naked virus
enveloped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

the spikes are attach right onto the nucleocapsid

A

this would be identified to as naked virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

often when we talk about the shape of the capsid, it often will determine the shape of the what virus?

A

naked virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

HIV nucleic acid (shape of enveloped) however, when you really distinguish its shape, the morphology of this is a

A

conical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

complex viruses

A

are complicated structure
may have more proteins structures attach to the capsid
this is the most common in bacteriophages which are viruses that infect bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

recall that bacteriophage will always infect what?

A

it will always infect a prokaryotic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Capsid
DNA
Sheath
Pin Baselate
Tail fiber
A-T even bacteriophage
written above is the structure of a complex virus, are they all getting being included?

A

no, nucleic acid is really just the one needed (more of the head) , it does not insert the whole thing because it simply does not have any room for them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

classification of viruses are based on differences : name those difference

A
  1. Nucleic acid type
    2.Presence of envleope
    3.Capsid structure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Is this true or fale:
The presence or absence of an envelope affects how viruses interact with their host cells, as well as their resistance to environmental conditions such as heat, chemicals, and radiation. Enveloped viruses tend to be more fragile and sensitive to these factors compared to naked viruses.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

viruses that last longer on surfaces when you treat them with disinfectant

A

naked viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what example would this be ?
retroviridae

A

family

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what example would this be
lentivirus

A

genus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

HIV can be considered ________

A

it can be considered as a pandemic, as many people are contracting them these days. Why, because its slow and for ex: a person with HIV can live for about 23 years or more.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Most lentiviral vectors are based on the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): true or false.

A

that is true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

name this description :
(attachment to the host cell)
Spike going into the host cell (this happens in envelope and naked virus) just depends since envelope has the spikes on the external naked has it on their protein coat

and in the best of your knowledge, describe what is going on in this factor

A

adsorption

attachment to the host cell

virus have attatchment site: recognizes protein or glycoprotein of host cell membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

name this description :

naked viruses must enter by endocytosis

A

penetration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

there are two ways envelope can enter the host cell, what are they?

A

1) enter via endocytosis
2) enter by fusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what do you figure the quantity would be when it enters by fusion and endocytosis?

A

the quantity would be bigger

35
Q

what virus will keep the cell alive and making more virus (get released shortly)- can get into naive cells (make more symptoms more severe) and infected as well

A

this would be called an envelope virus

36
Q

true or false. One of the fundamentalism of creating an infection is getting the nucleic acid inside the cell?

A

that is indeed true

37
Q

what’s capsid protein called?

A

it is called the capsomeres

38
Q

Multiplication of viruses:
1) spike protein
2) capsomeres to make capsid
3)nucleic acids

now that we have the rewuirement we need to do : what is the next step to do?

A

maturation and assembly

39
Q

briefly describe what maturation and assembly mean, briefly

A

new virus particles are assembled from nucleic acids and capsomeres

and nucleocapsids are formed

40
Q

describe this description:
contains spike proteins to bud out’exit’

” do it again and again until it kills itself”

host cell remains alive for a long time

A

this would be an envelope release, the envelope forms the plasma membrane

steady and release of mature enveloped viruses over time

host cell remains alive for a long time

41
Q

what are the two types of infection

A

1) acute infections
2) persistent infections

42
Q

persistent infections are divided into four subgroups, what are they

A

1) acute infection followed by late complications
2) chronic infection
3)slow infection
4)latent infection

43
Q

measles can go to cause subacute sclerosing pan-encephalitis

A

true

44
Q

slow viral infections:

after initial infection the amount of virus present increases over a long period of time

A

the initial infection is followed by asymptomatic period
eventually a slow, and progressive disease results: HIV
- HIV can be transmitted at any point following initiation infection

HIV enetually develops in AIDS

45
Q

Viruses and cancer:

A

viral dna can transform normal animal cells into malignant cancer

-only certain viruses have this capbaility

-oncogenes
- animals cells have normal genes called proto-oncogenes
-when mutations occur in these genes they become oncogenes
this results in an uncontrolled cell growth which leads to tumor formation
the mutation can occur as a result of mutagens (carcinogens)

46
Q

true or false:
oncogenic viruses :
viral dna is inserted into host cell chromosomes

A

this is true

47
Q

there may not be oncogenes present in the viral DNA ?

A

false

48
Q

oncogenic viruses can also ause proto-oncogenes to be over expressed which leads to translation

and this over expression results in the proto oncogene becoming an oncogene

A

false, it would lead to transcription

49
Q

how a single protein can be infectious?

A

We have a gene that makes this protein called NP

Normal protein
this protein normally does not do harm = protein has no known function

infected animals have teh same protein but dif form

Prion protein

This PP can convert NP into a prion protein shape

eventually all np are
converted into the PP shape

this results in disease

50
Q

when you have chicken pox, is it actually clearly gone, or is it still there, just ‘sleeping’?

A

when you have chicken, IT IS NEVER TRULY gone, in other words ‘sleeping’ might be another term to describe it,may be reactivated years later to shingles

51
Q

describe what this means:
this type of infection is usually very brief, in terms of duration, and the symptoms depends on your immune system

A

this is known as a acute infection

52
Q

you have to kill virus that are replicating (however you have to be very careful) that you do not take any drugs that will clear the good virus***

A

just a fact, not a question

53
Q

true or false.
chemotheraphy is really toxic in other words (it doesnt know what cells to kill and what not to kill)

A

true

54
Q

this is envelope virus, and long period of time (after the acute period)—> potentially forever, how it’ll stay depends on your body

A

persistent viral infections

55
Q

true or false.

not every chronic infection has is asymptomatic or symptomatic.

A

true

56
Q

describe what this means:

this looks like it’s gone but it is NOT GONE gone:

A

this is known as acute infection with late complications

57
Q

we start here (was never there before) get some control, if you don’t eliminate what is it called:

A

this is called persistent

58
Q

describe what this means:
stay relatively high but lower than acute (but still relatively high) always at detectible level, disease may or may not be present

A

chronic infections

59
Q

describe what cirrhoris mean?

A

is a liver disease, people who consume a lot of alcohol could be at risk as well

60
Q

describe what this means? in terms of infections
gradually creeps up

A

slow viral infections

61
Q

describe what rapid progressor vs. Long term non-progressor

A

rapid progressor= became aggressively HIV affector, developing aids in much shorter year

long term progressor- takes more than 10 years to reach AIDS = fatal outcomes

62
Q

why are they different when the same virus is affecting them for long term non progressor, rapid progressor

A

it depends on your immune system

63
Q

DESCRIBE WHAT THIS MEANS:
this is undetectable (but this reactivate in any single time )

this is poorly understood, associated with _______ reactiviting = immunocompromised

A

latent viral infections

64
Q

DNA virus “transformation” can actually cause what?

A

can cause cancer

65
Q

what type of genes to we have that WE CANNOT ABUSE, or it will cause tumor or cancer

A

protooncogenes

66
Q

what does protooncogenes, and oncogenes stand for?

A

proto- before
onco- cancer
proto oncogenes- can lead into cancer

onco- cancer
genic/genes= produce

67
Q

is carcinogen a chemical?

A

yes it is a chemical

68
Q

Human papilloma virus causes what, and define what it is?

A

a wart, and it is a tumor (belign tumor )

69
Q

produces very similar to strep throat

A

this is known as epstein-barr virus

70
Q

may cause nasopharyngeal cancer (ultimately B-cell cancer)

A

epstein barr virus

71
Q

these are not virus(but they are kinda like virus)
-they are molecules and infectious agents
-RNA make you sick
none that infect human

A

viroids

72
Q

brains starts to form sponge form in the brain this is called

A

prions

73
Q

sponge like holes in brain tissue can result in a disease called a

A

transmissible spongiform encephalopathy

74
Q

prions are resistant? and why are they not easily destroyed by high temperature?

A

yes they are resistant, and they are not easily destroyed because they are already unfolded

75
Q

As we know, virus have a very few of their own enzymes, is it because they’re ONLY gonna bring things they wants, that the cell does not ?

A

yes this is indeed true

76
Q

where is the spikes located?

A

lcoated inside the envelope

77
Q

what does spikes determine?

A

they determine which cell to enter to

78
Q

can never create a long lasting infectious (kill the bateria) what type of virus is this?

A

naked virus

79
Q

for persistent viral infections, we are aware that virus particles are continously present in the body, where is this coming from?

A

released from infected cells by budding

80
Q

true or false. Persistent infection may or may not cause disease

A

this statement is true

81
Q

capsid+ nucleic acids =

A

virus

82
Q

Most frequently prions are carried in ____
Sheep infected with prions is called ___
The infected sheep is eaten by cows and the cow develops _____
The cow is eaten by humans and the human develops _______

A

food
scrapie
mad cow disease
variant creutzfeld-jakob disease

83
Q

this step makes use primarily of host metabolic enzymes , and both dna and rna virus have the viral proteins synthesized in the cytoplasm as well, capsomeres are constructed.

A

biosynthesis

microbiology (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions