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microbiology > Chapter 13 The adaptive immune response (diana's version) > Flashcards

Chapter 13 The adaptive immune response (diana's version) Flashcards

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1
Q

the adaptive immune response is a non specific in defensive response to invasion by a foreign object

A

false, it is specific

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2
Q

What are two ways adaptive immune response acquired?

A

artificially and naturally

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3
Q

an organism or toxin enters the body and promotes an immune response

A

natural adaptive immunity

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4
Q

what is natural adaptive immunity

A

an organism or toxin enters the body and promotes immune response

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5
Q

this is result from an immunization with a vaccine

A

artificial adaptive immunity

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6
Q

what is artificial adaptive immunity

A

this is result from an immunization with a vaccine

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7
Q

true or false. Artificial and Natural adaptive immunity are specific and have a memory component?

A

true

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8
Q

describe the characteristics for specific

A

the immune response protects against one disease
does not protect against other diseases
the only exception is when two diseases are very closely related (small pox and cow pox)

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9
Q

describe what memory component

A

result in a much stronger response upon re-exposure
long term immunity : possibly for life

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10
Q

adaptive immunity involves two general responses, what are they?

A

antibody mediated response
cell mediated response

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11
Q

does it matter if it’s a natural adaptive immunity or artificial?

A

no it does not, as long as it provides you with immunity that’s all we care about.

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12
Q

humoral response is also referred to as

A

antibody mediated response

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13
Q

name the characteristics of antibody mediated response

A
  • also refered to as humoral response
  • mediated by small molecules called antibodies or immunoglobulins (Ig)
  • antibodies specifically bind to and inactivate foreign particles
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14
Q

true or false. Cell mediated response is not mediated by large molecules.

A

false, it is not mediated by small molecules

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15
Q

describe the characteristics of cell mediated response

A

not mediated by small molecules
triggers the activation of specific cells called lymphocytes
these lymphocytes recognize and destroy abnormal or infected host cells
they attack bigger targets such as tumors

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16
Q

the foreign particle that enters the body is known as

A

antigen

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17
Q

the ____ can be broken into smaller part called _____

A

antigen, epitope

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18
Q

the ___ is particular portion of the antigen that is recognized by the antibody

A

epitope

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19
Q

describe the characteristics of antigen

A

a foreign particle that enters the body
the antigen can be broken into smaller parts called epitopes
the epitope is the particular portion of the antigen that is recognized by the antibody

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20
Q

describe the antibodies characteristics

A

proteins produced in response to the antigen
antibodies bind to the antigen in a very specific manner
-like a lock and a key

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21
Q

antibodies=

A

immunoglobulins

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22
Q

antibodies are made of 4 parts what are they?

A

2 identical heavy chains and 2 identical light chains which are held together by covalent bonds
each antibody has 2 identical antigen binding sites (fab)
- fab is a specific for one epitope

each antibody also has a constant fragment 9Fc):
- Fc binds complement proteins, and phagocytes

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23
Q

immunoglobulin G
immunoglobulin M
immunoglobulin A
immunoglobulin D
immunoglobulin E
these examples are what?

A

the five classes of antibodies

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24
Q

what is the most common antibodies?

A

the most common antibodies is known as IG (G)

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25
Q

Found in the blood : can also enter tissues in regions of inflammation

A

the characteristics is describing IG (G)

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26
Q

_____ can cross the placenta and confer passive immunity to a fetus

A

Immunoglobulin G

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27
Q

____ binds to antigen very tightly

A

immunoglobulin G

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28
Q

now what are the characteristics of IG (G)

A

the most common
found in blood: can also enter tissues in regions of inflammation
can cross placenta and confer passive immunity
IG g binds to antigen very tightly

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29
Q

this is a pentamer (consists of 5 antibody virus and does not move into tissue as freely as Ig G (it remains in the blood)

A

IG M

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30
Q

what are the antibodies that are found attached to the surface of B cells?

A

IG M

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31
Q

what is the type of antibody that is produced upon infection?

A

IGM

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32
Q

____ is very good at aggregating antigens

A

IG M

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33
Q

what are the characteristics of IGM

A

it’s a pentamer (consists of 5 antibodies )
it remains in the blood, doesn’t move as freely as IG M
often found attached to B cells
IG M is very good at aggregating antigens

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34
Q

this is found as a dimer which is two antibodies stuck together

A

IG a

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35
Q

true or false. Ig A is found in bodily secretions such as mucous, saliva, tears and milk?

A

true

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36
Q

what is the function of IG a

A

to protect mucosal surfaces

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37
Q

___ protects the gastrointestinal tract of newborns

A

Ig A

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38
Q

now describe what Ig a’s charctaeristics

A

this is found as a dimer(two antibodies stuck together)
Ig A is found in bodily secretions such as mucous, saliva, tears and milk
functions to protect mucosal surfaces
protects gastrointestinal tracts of newborns

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39
Q

name the characteristics of Ig D

A

the function is unknown
this is found in the surface of B cells

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40
Q

true or false. Ig G is found on the surface of certain immune cells

A

false, this is describing Ig E

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41
Q

mast cells and basophils is part of what anitobody?

A

Ig E

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42
Q

when it binds to antigens the cell releases histamine

A

Ig E

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43
Q

this antibody attracts complement and phagocytes to the area, and is histamine responsible for allergy symptoms?

A

this is describing Ig E, and eyes histamine is responsible for allergy symptoms

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44
Q

what is the characteristics of Ig E

A

found on the surface of certain cells
mast cells and basophils
when it binds to antigens the cell releases histamine
this attracts complement and phagocytes to the area
histamine is responsible for allergy symptoms

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45
Q

what is the function of antibody?

A

1.agglutination
2.neutralization
3.complement activation
4.opsonization

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46
Q

name the characteristics of aggnulation

A

Antigens become stuck together
* This reduces the number of infectious units to be dealt with

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47
Q

Neutralization:

A

The antibody binds to and inactivates toxins bacteria and viruses

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48
Q

Complement Activation:

A

The antibody binds to bacteria: this acts as a starting point for the complement pathway (MAC attack)

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49
Q

Opsonization:

A

This flags down phagocytic cells to destroy the antigen

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50
Q

cells of adaptive immune system:
what are the two types of lymphocyte?

A

B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes

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51
Q

name the term of what this is describing : also referred to as B cells and antibody producing cells

A

this is describing the term B lymphocyte

52
Q

what is involve in the humoral or antibody mediated response

A

B lymphocyte

53
Q

___ is produced in the bone marrow by stem cells

A

B lymphocyte

54
Q

describe the characteristics of B lymphocyte

A
  • antibody producing cells
  • referred to as B cells
  • involve in the humoral or antibody mediated response
    -produced in the bone marrow in the stem cells
55
Q

this is also referred to as T cells and produced in the bone marrow but mature in the thymus gland

A

this is describing T cells

56
Q

now describe the characteristics of T lyphocytes

A

this is also referred to as T cells
can also be found in bone marrow but mature in thymus gland

57
Q

what are the two types of T lymphocyte?

A

T helper cells and Cytotoxic T cells

58
Q

these help and B and Tc cells prepare for an immune response, they are a part of humoral and cell mediated immunity

A

T helper cells

59
Q

describe the contribution of T helper cells

A

they help B and Tc cells prepare for immune response
they are a part of Humoral and cell mediated immunity

60
Q

these cell lyse foreign and abnormal host cells (infected or cancerous) they are a part of cell mediated and immune response

A

this is cytotoxic T cells

61
Q

now describe what cytotoxic T cell contributes

A

these cells lyse abnormal and infected host cells (cancerous)
they are a part of cell mediated and immune response

62
Q

cells of adaptive immune system :
2. antigen presenting cells (APC)

A

macrophages, B cells, dendritic cells

63
Q

what are the stages of antigen presenting cells

A

the foreign material such as a bacterial cell is engulfed by APC

the antigen is processed and presented to the T helper cells of the immune system along with self antigens

  • self antigens : these are a part of the MHC
    this is a check to prevent the destruction of own cells by mistake

T helper cells become activated against foreign material

64
Q

Antibody production

A

the antigen enters the body
the antigen will be phagocytize and digested by a B cell,

small fragments of the antigen will be presented on the surface of the B cell along with MHC

65
Q

true or false. Antibody production . A T helper cell will bind to the antigen bound to the MHC protein

A

true

66
Q

True or false. The T helper cell will then deliver cytokines that stimulate the B cell to undergo clonal expansion

(B cell multiples to produce more identical B cells that will fight off the specific antigen)

A

true

67
Q

name the first 3 procedures of antibody production

A

1.the antigen enter the body
- the antigen will be phagocytized and digested by B cell
Small fragments of the antigen will presented on the surface of the B cell along with MHC

  1. A T helper cell will bind the antigen presenting B cell after recognizing the antigen bound to the MHC protein
  2. The T helper cell will then deliver cytokines that stimulate the B cell to undergo clonal expansion
    - the b cell multiplies to produce more identical B cells that will fight off the specific antigen
68
Q

true or false B cells divide and differentiate become either plasma cells or memory cells in clonal expansion

A

true

69
Q

describe the characteristics of clonal expansion

A

B cells divide and differentiate becoming either
plasma cells or memory cells

70
Q

what are the subgroups of clonal expansion

A

plasma cells and memory cells

71
Q

Clonal expansion:
plasma cells are

A

antibody producing cells

these cells have a short lifespan and produce many antibodies

72
Q

clonal expansion:
memory cells

A

these cells live for a very long time (20-30 years)

these cells circulate in the blood and propagate at very low level

when the memory cell encounters an antigen it will quickly change, multiplying and becoming antibody producing plasma cell

73
Q

this is the response the first time the body encounters

A

primary response

74
Q

the antigen stimulates the production of low level of antibody and this is a slow process (taking 5-7 days)

A

primary response

75
Q

in primary response ____ is made first followed by Ig G (blood) and Ig A (mucous membrane)

A

Ig M

76
Q

what is the major outcome in primary response

A

memory built for antigen

77
Q

this is the response that occurs during every subsequent encounter with the antigen

A

secondary response

78
Q

true or false. In secondary response low level of antibody are produced ?

A

false, it is high amount

79
Q

___ is a quick response (1-2 days)

A

secondary repsonse

80
Q

as a result of a quick response in secondary response , the infection is quickly to overcome. Is that true?

A

yes it is true

81
Q

memory cells are ___ in secondary response

A

replenished

82
Q

this response is activated by invading cells or abnormal host cell

A

cell mediated response

83
Q

involves antigen presenting cells (APCs), T helper cells and cytotoxic T cells

A

cell mediated- response

84
Q

Cytotoxic T cells are responsible for destroying abnormal cells in the body. true or false.

A

true

85
Q

now describe the characteristics for cell mediated immune response

A

response is activated by invading cells or abnormal host cells

involves APC, THC, CTC

cytotoxic T cells are responsible for destroying abnormal cells in the body

86
Q

recognition of abnormal host cells
endogenous antigen is processed and displayed on cell surface
perforins
are a part of what?

A

they a a part of the stages of cell mediated immune response

87
Q

Cell mediated response:

Recognition of abnormal host cells

A

cells infected with viruses or bacteria
ex: infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis

cancer cells
foreign cells
ex: blood transfusion or bone marrow transplant

88
Q

True or false.
cell mediated immune response :
endogenous antigen is processed and displayed on cell surface:
presented on the surface of the antigen presenting cell together with the MHC I self antigen

A

True , and a different type of MHC then that used during the Ab mediated response

89
Q

cell mediated response:
perforins

A

these are released from the cytotoxic T cell
they poke holes in the membrane of abnormal cell

90
Q

the body goes through the complete process to generate specific antibody or cytotoxic T cells, can be natural or artificial

A

active immunization

91
Q

in active immunization describe what natural is describing

A

when the antigen is encountered from the environment (primary response)

92
Q

in active immunization, describe what artificial mean

A

when the antigen is injected as a vaccine

93
Q

passive immunity:
given ready made antibody : does not result in _____ immunity
- can be natural or artifical

A

lasting

94
Q

set an example for natural in passive immunity

A

IG g is transferred from mother to fetus via placenta

IgA is transferred from mother to child via milk

95
Q

name an artificial example for passive immunity

A

pre-made antibody is injected
very fast acting for life threatening situations
ex: snake venom - an anti-toxin antibody can be given (no memory)

96
Q

what uses antibodies to bind to bacteria outside of the cell

A

antibody mediated response

97
Q

mediated by cells - specifically by cytotoxic T cells

A

cell mediated response

98
Q

these can attack transplanted liver, what can you do to not destroy the organs you want to keep?

A

take an immunocompromise drugs

99
Q

what are antigen?

A

they are usually proteins(bad)

100
Q

where are antibodies made from?

A

B lymphocytes

101
Q

what do you need to reserve (protein) and inject it to the person-it is correct in terms of response

A

antigen

102
Q

why are heavy chains heavy?

A

they are heavy because they have more amino acids

103
Q

five classes of antibodies is based on what region?

A

FC region

104
Q

We are aware in IG M each can bind to 2 and all together, how much can it bind?

A

10

105
Q

why can’t IG M not leave the blood, unlike IG g ?

A

simply because it’s too big, therefore it cannot move as freely as IG G

106
Q

how much does immunoglobulin A bind to in total

A

it binds to four in total since it is a dimer

107
Q

True or false. B cells are proteins and they make antibodies

A

true

108
Q

this serves as an a advertisements, once cell is activated

A

immunoglobulin D

109
Q

this makes the bug so much bigger, when its been coated with antibody (easy to see)

A

opnization

110
Q

where does B lymphocyte finish everything?

A

they finish it in the bone marrow

111
Q

what are lymphocytes?

A

they are agranules (small)

112
Q

cell associated antigen (inside of the cytoplasm)—>

A

endogenous antigen

113
Q

outside in the fluid somewhere (you want to get rid of these)

A

exogenous antigen

114
Q

APC are not nucleated. True or false

A

this is false

115
Q

what does APC include?

A

they include macrophage, dendritic cells, b cells
MHC1
MHC 2

116
Q

MCH1 shows us that there is something wrong with the ____

A

cell

117
Q

MCH2 shows us that there is something wrong with the ___

A

body

118
Q

this shows something, tells the rest of the immune system to get rid of it

A

MHC1

119
Q

_____ go on the “shelf” (not use for now) can last long

A

memory cell

120
Q

______ is an anabolic reaction, you are tired sine a lot of energy is being used

A

antibody production

121
Q

this is the first time (could be a vaccine, a nail, cough, STI) by producing anitbodies, memory ells , you get a low level of antibodies, it takes a week a terrible level of antibodies (not helpful) however you do get a memory

A

primary response

122
Q

this gives you a ton of antibodies, it’s quick and aggressive, this could be the second time, 45th time, 456 time, the tendency to get infected is low to none

A

secondary response

123
Q

b cell and dendritic cell are

A

antigen cells

124
Q

true or false. cytotoxic t cells also uses T receptor to recognize MCH1 and antigen, it releases perferins and granzymes- they come out to poke holes to completely clear virus

A

true

125
Q

natural in passive immunity is completely vulnerable

A

true

126
Q

true or false. when the natural passive immunization expires the baby has no memory, it needs to have its own encounter- to have more protection

A

true

microbiology (27 decks)

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