Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

microbiology > chapter 2 chemical properties > Flashcards

chapter 2 chemical properties Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the smallest chemical unit of matter

A

atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

define what atom mean

A

the smallest chemical unit of matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

define what element is

A

matter composed of one type of atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

matter composed of one type of atom and name some examples

A

element
ex: carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sodium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

two or more atoms combine to form

A

a molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

different two or more atoms combine

A

compound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what charge does protons have?

A

positive charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what charge does neutrons have ?

A

neutral charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

true or false, every atom as a centrally located nucleus but does not contain a net positive charge?

A

false, it does contain a centrally located nucleus however it also contains a net positive charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

__ and is stable and does not participate in chemical reactions.

A

Nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

name 3 characteristics of electrons

A

1)circle the nucleus and are negatively charged
2)stabilize the positive charge of the nucleus
3)an equal number of electrons and protons will give a net charge equal to neutral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Unlike protons and neutrons, which are densely packed in the nucleus, the lighter _____ orbit the nucleus in shells.

A

Electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

True or false. Electron shells correspond to different energy levels

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do chemical bonds form between atoms ?

A

through interactions of electrons in their outer shells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How do every atoms become chemically stable, and how do you achieve this?

A

by filling its outermost shell with electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how do atoms achieve a full complement of electrons?

A

by combining together to form molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

if an atom lose an electron it has an overall what charge?

A

positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

if an atom gains an electron it has an overall

A

negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

define what an ion is

A

an atom (or group pf atoms) that has a positive or negative charge is an ion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

defined what an cation is

A

loss of an electron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

define what an anion is

A

gained of an electron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

name the 3 kinds of chemical bonds found in living organisms

A

1) ionic
2)covalent
3)HYDROGEN BONDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

result from attraction between ions of opposite charges

A

ionic bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what forms ionic bonds to neutralize their changes

A

anion and cation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

attraction holds the ions together to form a ______

A

compound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

this type of bond form when atoms share pairs of electrons

A

covalent bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

this type of bond is found in many compounds, especially those that contain carbon

A

covalent bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

true or false. Covalent bonds are not very strong bonds, ionic are stronger

A

false, they are a very strong bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

True or false, carbon atoms can form up to 4 covalent bonds

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

define what hydrogen bonds are

A

occur between covalently bonded molecules that display polarity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Name the example: When hydrogens are bonded to oxygen, the larger oxygen atom tends to pull the electrons closer to itself

A

hydrogen bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

True or false. Hydrogen bonds creates a region with partial negative charge (O) and a region with partial positive charge (H).

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

name some more characteristics of hydrogen bonds

A

1)loose attraction between oppositely charged regions of different molecules
2) weaker than ionic and covalent bonds
3)serve to bridge separate molecules together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Approx. how much percentage if the cell weight of water

A

75%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Define the charge distribution of water.

A

Water has an unequal charge distribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

True or false.
Each water molecule can form up to four hydrogen bonds with other molecules, in which gives its unique properties

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Water as the solvent of life (point #3 and #4)

A

makes water resist rapid changes in temperature and imparts a high boiling point (100).

38
Q

is water a polar solvent?

A

yes

39
Q

water as the solvent of life, unequal charge distribution allows it to dissolve many covalent compounds

A

False, unequal charge distribution allows it to dissolve many ionic compounds

40
Q

Water as the solvent of life:
positive regions of water molecules surround negative ions and negative regions surround positive ions

True or false

A

True

41
Q

water as the solvent of life holds the ions in solution

A

Yes, it does hold the ions in solution

42
Q

Polar nature of water and gives it following characteristics

A
  1. High boiling point, strong attraction between water molecules
    2.due to polarity: many polar substances undergo dissociation (they dissolve positive portion of solute molecule attracted to neg. O, and negative portion of solute attracted to positive H.

therefore, salt like nacl tends to separate into cations and anions.

43
Q

Name the other 2 characteristics of polar nature.

A

3.water is key for digestive processes: large molecules broken down into smaller.
also for synthetic reactions: important source of H and O atoms that are incorporated into numerous organic compounds in living cells.
4.heat absorption by molecules tends to increase kinetic energy and their rate of motion. With water, heat first results in breaking H-bonds rather than increasing rate of motion.

44
Q

True or false.
water’s polarity facilitates the splitting and joining of hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-).
Making these ions unavailable for chemical reactions.

A

True

45
Q

What does pH scale describes as a concentration

A

pH scale describes the concentration of H+ ions in a solution.

46
Q

measure of acidity: and gives it description
pH 7=
pH below 7=
pH above 7=

A

pH 7= neutral (pure water)
pH below 7= acidic
pH above 7= basic or alkaline

47
Q

organic molecules, is any molecule that contains both what?

A

carbon and hydrogen

48
Q

True or false.
Because each C atom can participate in 4 covalent bonds, carbon can be used to build an enormous variety of compounds.

A

true

49
Q

What are the four major classes of organic molecules that make up the building blocks of life

A

1) carbohydrates
2) lipids
3) proteins
4)nucleic acids

50
Q

large group of compounds including sugars and starches

A

carbohydrates and all contain the elements of CHO , and they are generally polar and ready source of energy for cells.

51
Q

types of carbohydrates

A

1)monosaccharides
2)disaccharides
3)polysaccharides

52
Q

polysaccharide are often soluble in water?

A

no, it is not usually soluble

53
Q

What does lipids include?

A

lipid includes fats, complex lipids(phospholipids) and steroids and is essential to the structure and function of membranes

54
Q

lipids is used for something else, and not energy storage

A

false, it is used for energy storage

55
Q

what does hydrophobic mean?

A

water hating

56
Q

Define this :
Made from glycerol backbone +1 or more fatty acids.

A

Fats

57
Q

monoglycerides

A

1 fatty acid

58
Q

diacyglycerides

A

2 fatty acids

59
Q

triacyglycerides

A

3 fatty acids

60
Q

fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated. What does that mean?

A

saturated means no double bonds and unsaturated mean double bonds

61
Q

complex lipids such as phospholipids contain what

A

glycerol,2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group.

62
Q

the phosphate group is polar which means what?

A

hydrophilic

63
Q

The fatty acid tails are non-polar which means what?

A

Hydrophobic

64
Q

saturated fatty acids tend to form membranes that are more…..

A

solid

65
Q

unsaturated fatty acids tend to be more…..

A

fluid

66
Q

biological membranes , what a re they made from and what are they? and name a characteristic

A

are made from phospholipids bilayers
are semi-fluid(contain a mix of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids)
separate the watery inside of the cell from the watery environment.

67
Q

what is another type of lipids?

A

steroids

68
Q

what is structurally different from other lipids?

A

steroids

69
Q

built, on a hydrophobic 4 ring structure, generally found in eukaryotes and not prokaryotes, example are cholesterol and ergosterol and vitamin d.

A

steroids(sterols)

70
Q

what are the building blocks of proteins?

A

amino acids

71
Q

proteins all contain what…?

A

C H O N and some have S

72
Q

required in all aspects of cell structure and function, some are structural, and most act as enzymes in which increase the rate at which chemical reactions take place in living organisms.

A

proteins

73
Q

proteins typically contain how many amino acids

A

20 different amino acids

74
Q

true or false. proteins typically have at least one amino (-NH2) and one carboxyl (-COOH) group.

A

true

75
Q

proteins typically contain side groups which determines what ?

A

properties

76
Q

amino acids are joined to make proteins by

A

covalent peptide bonds

77
Q

What is a polypeptide

A

it is a protein chain of amino acids

78
Q

___ and ___ of the protein is determined by the sequence of amino acids.

A

shape and function

79
Q

what does dna and rna stand for?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid
ribonucleic acid

80
Q

nucleic acids built of building blocks is called

A

nucleotides

81
Q

what are the 3 parts of nucleic acids?

A

nitrogenous base
pentose sugar
phosphate

82
Q

name the nitrogenous bases

A

purine= 2 ring =adenine or guanine
pyrimidine=1 thymine and cytosine and uracil

83
Q

how many sugar does pentose habe?

A

5 sugars
ribose,deoxyribose

84
Q

what are joined together by covalent bonds to form a strand of nucleic acids?

A

nucelotides

85
Q

name the characteristics of dna

A

double stranded
nitrogenous base: A,T,C,G
stores genetic info of all cellular organisms

86
Q

name the characteristics of rna

A

A, G, U , and C
sugar ribose
single stranded
involved in communicating and instructions stored in DNA

87
Q

dna structure:
each strand is built from a

A

sugar phosphate backbone

88
Q

dna structure:
two strands are held together by what

and what do they form?

A

hydrogen bonds in between nitrogenous bases

they form double helix

89
Q

name the base pairing in rna and dna

A

a t
c g in dna

a u
cg in rna

90
Q

Proteins acts as enzymes which decreases the rate at which chemical reactions take place in living organisms?

A

false. they increase the rate at which chemical reactions take place in living organisms.

microbiology (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions