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microbiology > Chapter 16 Antimicrobials (diana's version) > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Antimicrobials (diana's version) Flashcards

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1
Q

how does antimicrobial drugs acts?

A

usually act by interfering with the growth of microorganisms

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2
Q

Unlike disinfectants these must work inside of the patient and therefore should exhibit selective toxicity

A

antimicrobial drugs

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3
Q

what is selective toxicity again?

A

damage the pathogen without harming the host

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4
Q

Antimicrobial rugs:
spectrum of antimicrobial, what are the two options?
Spectrum of antimicrobial activity:

A

1.narrow spectrum
2.broad spectrum

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5
Q

what is a narrow spectrum

A

the drug is only effective against a limited range of microorganisms

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6
Q

set an example, of narrow sepctrum

A

penicillin G affects mainly gram positive bacteria

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7
Q

what is a broad spectrum drug

A

the drug affects a wide range of organisms

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8
Q

what is the advantage of broad spectrum and what is the disadvantage?

A

advantage: these drugs are useful when the identity of the organism is unknown
disadvantage: these drugs are bad for normal microflora

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9
Q

set an example for broad sepctrum

A

tetracycline affects both gram positive and gram negative

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10
Q

this is targetting one specific thing and not anything else

A

narrow

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11
Q

less bacteria being harmed, lessen the risk of opportunistic pathogen, is this true?

A

true

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12
Q

vitamin k is important for??

A

blood clotting

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13
Q

antibacterial agents:
if the drug kills bacteria it is reffered to as what?

A

bacteriocidal

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14
Q

antimicrobial agents:
if the drug inhibits the growth of bacteria it is referred to as

A

bacteriostatic

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15
Q

cell wall active agents:
inhibition of cell wall synthesis:

A

target peptidoglycan synthesis
without peptidoglycan bacteria that try to grow will lyse
only works on organisms that are actively growing
peptidoglycan is only found in bacteria
excellent selective toxicity
these are most frequently used class of antimicrobial drugs

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16
Q

cell wall active agents go after what ?

A

they go after cell wall and target peptidoglycan

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17
Q

you are putting something foreign particle inside of your body, however it is an excellent selective toxicity, not going after you

A

cell wall synthesis

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18
Q

you want them to burst , no where in your body that are harming, the outcome is not harming your tissues

A

cell wall synthesis

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19
Q

cell wall active agents
Penicillins and Cephalosporins :

A

Group of 50 antibiotics
penicillins are naturally found antibiotics
all contain a core chemical structure : beta-lactam ring
prevent peptidoglycan cross linking
penicillin G, amoxicillin, ampicillin, methcillin

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20
Q

this is semi synthetic - a little bit fake
even bug makes the b lactamase the drug is resistant to b lactamese activity- the outcome is that drug will still work

A

cell wall active agents

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21
Q

what does prevent peptidoglycan cross linking

A

NAM-NAG-NAM-NAG-NAM

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22
Q

it’s not made in chemistry lab, made from bacteria microbial antagonism

A

cell wall active agents

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23
Q

the bug can have a gene to make B lactase enzyme - he can breaks it open

A

B lactam

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24
Q

is penincillin a broad beta lactamase? or narrow

A

broad lactamase

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25
Q

true or false many bacteria can resists penicillin by producing penincillinases referred to as beta-lactamases

A

true

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26
Q

define the characteristics for penincillins

A

these are some semi synthetic penicillins which are synthetically modified penicillins designed to resist destruction penicillinases
example : methicillin

bacteria have adapted to even synthetic penicillins

example : methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus

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27
Q

target wall that have beta

A

cephalosporins

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28
Q

another category of cell wall activation that has the beta

A

cefixime, cephalothin

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29
Q

this is polypeptide (this is like a short amino acid sequence protein ) narrow spectrum

A

bacitracin

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30
Q

is bacitracin narrow or broad?

A

it is narrow

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31
Q

is bacitracin: polypeptide antibiotic active primarily against gram positive

A

yes, that is true

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32
Q

name the characteristics for bacitracin

A

polypeptide antibiotics that works active primarily on gram positive

inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis
-earlier stage of inhibition than penicillins and cephalosporins
-inhibits linear strand formation

also toxic to humans
-only used for topical infections

for example : polysporin

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33
Q

they target nag nam nag nam formation

A

bacitracin

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34
Q

you do not respond well internally to it

A

bacitracin

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35
Q

describe the characteristics for vancomycin

A

glycopeptide
very narrow spectrum for activity
-active against staphylococcus aureus
used as a last resort against MRSA

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36
Q

this is reserve for MRSA

A

vancomycin

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37
Q

its got amino acid, it has sugar group that is found on the structure

A

glycopeptide (vancomycin)

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38
Q

this use had led to Vancomycin resistant enterocci (VRE)

A

vancomycin

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39
Q

Name the characteristics for Vancomycin (VRE)

A

VRE is an oppurtunistic pathogen causing nocosomial infections

VRE is often resistant to all other antibiotics

VRE loves to transfer resistance genes to other bacteria

when these genes are transferred to MRSA there is nothing left to treat it
urgent situation

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40
Q

protein synthesis inhibitors targets 70 S or 80 s?

A

70s, they do not target 80s

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41
Q

true or false. when using protein synthesis inhibitors it is indeed targeting ribosomes, however will it do some damage to our ribosomes as well, since we have 70 S ribosomes in our cells?

A

yes it will, although we have 80s our cells also consists 70S ribosomes.

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42
Q

what are the cell wall synthesis different antibiotics?

A
  1. penincillins and cephalorins
    2.batricin
    3.vancomycin
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43
Q

describe the characteristics for protein synthesis inhibitors

A

these drugs prevent the translation of proteins
bacteria have 70S ribosomes and Eukaryotes have 80S ribosomes
-mitochondria of eukaryotes also have 70S ribosomes

as a result these drugs can have adverse effects on host cells

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44
Q

true or false. If you turn off protein synthesis , you are preventing a lot of important things

A

true

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45
Q

in eukaryotes, it has to go through 2 membranes to go through 70S ribosomes in us

A

true

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46
Q

chloramphenicol (protein synthesis inhibitors) :

A

this is a bacteriostatic antibiotic
extremely effective
broad spectrum of activity
inexpensive
small
-easily diffuses into areas that are difficult to access
very toxic
occasionally used in eye drops for conjunctivitis

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47
Q

does chloramphenicol stop the growth of bacteria or does it kill them?

A

it stops the growth of them

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48
Q

is chloramphenicol a localized treatment or systematic?

A

localized treatment (for eyes) used as an eye drops

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49
Q

aminoglycosides describe the characteristics (protein synthesis inhibitors)

A

this group of antibiotics are bacteriocidal
they include: gentamycin, neomycin,tobramycin,streptomycin
they bind to the 30s ribosomal unit
this group of antibiotics has a narrow spectrum of activity

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50
Q

true or false. aminoglycosides are very active against gram negative organisms

A

true

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51
Q

name an example of aminoglycosides

A

opportunistic pseudomonas species which cause infection in patients with cystic fibrosis

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52
Q

what can be toxic causing damage to the auditory nerve and the kidney?

A

aminoglycosides

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53
Q

this can cause you to lose your hearing, and also because we have the same ribosome inside of our mitochondria therefore this is toxic, we have to use it in the right concetration

A

aminoglycosides

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54
Q

tetracyclines and describe it’s characteristics

A

these drugs are bacteriostatic

they have a very broad spectrum of activity

they penetrate the host tissues well: can be used against chlamydial infections

used to treat UTI’s , gonorrhoea, and syphilis

they can suppress the normal microflora of the intestinal tract (leading to super-infections, yeast infections are most common)

can be toxic to humans causing the yellowing of the teeth in children and liver damage in pregnant women

used in animal feed

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55
Q

what are the two benefits that can come off tetracyclines:

A

animal does get infected , call sell the animal

56
Q

this is targeting the positives and negatives (broad spectrum of activity)

A

tetracyclines

57
Q

broad spectrum wipes out the good bugs, and common for females is yeast infections

A

tetracyclines

58
Q

true or false.
You want to find a good penetrating tissue drug to get into a disease such as chlamydial, can cause reproductive issues if not taken care off

A

tetracyclines

59
Q

describe macrolides

A

erythromycin
azithromycin and clarithromycin: broader spectrum of activity and better tissue penetration
- good for intracellular bacteria such as clamydia spp

60
Q

these drugs do not penetrate the outer membrane of most gram negative organisms

A

macrolides, they have a narrow spectrum of activity
-active mainly against gram positive

61
Q

this is a drug that is wildly use

A

erythromycin

62
Q

azitmycin and clarithmycin are usually taken as how?

A

as a pill , usually (2)

63
Q

these drugs can cause injury to the plasma membrane

A

plasma membrane disruption

64
Q

true or false. The plasma membrane in bacteria is almost identical to that of human cells ?

A

true

65
Q

plasma membrane disruption are drugs that can be…

A

be very toxic

66
Q

Plasma membrane (polymyxin B):

A

this drug is bacteriocidal
generally only used in topical treatments
-to prevent systematic damage to human host cells

67
Q

what is the difference between bacteria and eukaryotes plasma membrane

A

eukaryotes adds cholesterol

68
Q

true or false. plasma membrane disruption is neuphrotoxixicty (your kidney is highly infected by this ) filters your blood

A

true

69
Q

Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis:
this group includes rifampin and rifampicin

A

rifamycins

70
Q

True or false. As a rifamycin drug, they block trancription , no mRNA is made–> no protein is produced

A

true

71
Q

what type of drugs is able to penetrate host tissues, cerebrospinal fluid and abscesses?

A

rifamycins

72
Q

True or false. Rifamycins can be used to treat mycobacterial spp (causative agents of tuberculosis and leprosy)

A

true

73
Q

this is a anaerobic bubble (protective chamber) filled with junk

A

abscesses

74
Q

True or false. All RNA can be made as a result of beings on a rifamycin drugs

A

false, no rna can be made since transcription is blocked

75
Q

describe the characteristics of rifamycin

A

this includes the group rifampin, and rifampicin
they block transcription
- no mrna is made, and no protein are produced
they are able to penetrate host tissues
cerebrospinal fluid and abscesses
used to treat mycobacterial spp
- causative agents of tuberculosis and leprosy

76
Q

this includes cprofloxacin and inhibits dna gyrase and enzyme needed for dna replication

A

fluoroquinolones

77
Q

True or false. Fluoroquinocolones are useful for fighting serious life threatening infections and they can harm cartilage development in children?

A

true

78
Q

describe the characterisitcs for fluoroquinolones

A

include ciprofloxacin
inhibits dna gyrase
-enzymes neededd for dna replication
these drugs are useful for fighting serious life threatening infections
they can harm cartilage development in children

79
Q

this is good for life threatening and intermediate therapy before giving something else

A

fluoroquinolones

80
Q

essential metabolite synthesis inhibtors:
A. sulfonamides

A

these are synthethic (non natural antimicrobials)
bacteriostatic
structurally similar to PABA
paba is presecur used to make folic acid and which is needed by all bacteria
these drugs bock folic acid

81
Q

this is primary used in combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxadole

A

sulfonamides (sulfa drugs)

82
Q

These drugs lost their importance when antibiotics were developed, they are still used sometimes for urinary tract infections and to prevent in burn patients

A

sulfonamides (sulfa drugs)

83
Q

Is paba part of the normal synthesis?

A

yes

84
Q

true or false. We get presecusor (pholic acid) , we can make amino acids and nucleic acids as we require
but bacteria also makes it (they have all the enzymes to do so)

A

true

85
Q

These antibiotics haev a very narrow spectrum of activity since they are only active against mycobacterium

A

anti-myocobacterial antibiotics

86
Q

they inhibit the synthesis of mycolic acid found in the cell wall of mycobacterium spp.

A

anti- mycobacterial antibiotics

87
Q

name an example of anti-mycobacterial antibiotics

A

isoniazid used in combination with rifampin to treat mycobacterial infection

88
Q

using combination therapy increases the likelihood of resistance developing of mycobacterial ?

A

false, it decreases it

89
Q

since fungi are also eukaryotes they are very difficult or easy to treat?

A

they are difficult to treat, since it makes selective toxicity difficult

90
Q

antifungals agents:
antifungals are agents that affect the sterols within the plasma membrane
fungi have cholesterol and animal have ergosterol

A

false, it’s the opposite for fungi and animal

91
Q

targeting ergosterol dramatically decreases membrane permeability-, leading to a stable condition

A

false, targeting ergosterol dramatically increases membrane permeability, not stable but lethal situation to the organism

92
Q

what are the two known antifungal agents?

A

1.Polyenes
2.Azoles

93
Q

polyenes are fungicidal or fungastatic?

A

they are fungicidal

94
Q

which is a neuphrotoxixicty? Polyenes or azoles?

A

polyenes

95
Q

Name the characteristics for polyenes

A

they are fungicidal
they work by poking holes in the fungal membrane
examples include nystatin and amphoteracin B
they can be toxic causing kidney damage
they are used to treat yeast infections and systematic fungal infections

96
Q

are azoles fungicidal or fungistatic?

A

they are fungastatic

97
Q

True or false: azoles interfere with sterol syntehsis

A

true

98
Q

name the characteristics for azoles

A

these are fungistatic
they interfere with sterol synthesis
examples include : miconazole, clotrimazole,ketoconazole
they are use for cutaneous fungaln infections, yeast infections, and systemic infections
they are less toxic than polyenes but may caus eliver damage

99
Q

this stop mitotic division since they are eukaryote
do not drink alcohol while being on the drug, (or on a bad heatlh of your liver) since it is a hepatotoxicity drug

A

azoles

100
Q

other antifungal agents:
grisefulvin is taken ___ but it is active against ____ of the skin and hair

A

orally, fungal infection

101
Q

this drug binds to the keratin protein, which interferes with mitsosis

A

griseofulvin

102
Q

True or false. Griseofulvin is fungistatic and thus must be taken until he infectrd part is shed

A

griseofulvin

103
Q

True or false. If the nail has a fungal infection you do not have to wait for the nail to completely grow out, since the infection is gone by 2-3 days.

A

false, you have to wait until the nail completely grows out

104
Q

are antiprotozoan agents : eukaryotes or proakryotes?

A

they are eukaryotes

105
Q

name the characteristics of anti-protozoan agents

A

these drugs have lots of problems with toxicity
there are only a few major differences between human cells and protozoa

there are very few drugs available and they are usually specific for one protozoan

106
Q

Antiprotozoan agents:
Quinine

A

is an anti malarial drug
interferes with the DNA replication of malaria

107
Q

Antiprotozoan agents:
Metronidazole

A

also called flagyl
inhibits the metabolic process of fermentation in anaerobes
used against giardia lamblia (beaver fever)
also used against fermentative bacteria and yeasts

108
Q

Is it true that antibiotics are effective against viruses?

A

no, that is false, antibiotics are not effective against viruses

109
Q

In the developed world ___ of infections are viral

A

60% of infections

110
Q

True or false. Very few antivirals are available and most are specifically used to treat what?

A

this is true, and specifically used to treat HIV

111
Q

What does antibiotics do in terms of being an antiviral agetns?

A

interfering the replication-minimizing the consequences

112
Q

Cocktail of drugs is used against___, but cannot get rid of it and this wont pass the placenta or breastmilk and never the intention to clear -= it is just not possible

A

HIV

113
Q

what are the three antiviral agents known

A

nucleoside and nucleotide analogs
interferons
enzymes affecting assembly and release of virus particles

114
Q

what is the characteristics of nucleoside and nucleotide analogs?

A

acyclovir: blocks replication in herpes infections
-used to treat genital herpes

AZT: a cocktail of drugs that inhibit DNA synthesis by HIV

115
Q

this lessens the intensity of the outbreak (herpes) and minimizes how bad it gets

A

nucleoside and nucleotide analogs

116
Q

Viral load - is reduced by this type of theraphy and not the real deal (missing something)

A

nucleoside and nucleotide analogs

117
Q

this is made by a virally infected cells (got a virus inside) nothing to stop it (like alarming system) but it warns the other cells

A

interferons

118
Q

are interferons much like naturally produced

A

yes

119
Q

True or false. Interferons does not have any side effects.

A

false, it has many side effects

120
Q

These stimulate cells to produce antiviral proteins

A

interferons

121
Q

used as a drug of choice for hepatitis infections

A

interferoons

122
Q

name the characteristics for interferons

A

these are much likely naturally produced interferons
they have many side effects
stimulate cells to produce antiviral proteins
used as a drug of choice for hepatitis infections

123
Q

enzymes affecting assembly and release of virus particle:
protease inhibitors:
Neuraminidase inhibitors:

A

used to treat HIV infection
used to treat influenza
example: tamiflu, ralenza

124
Q

this is like a peeler allows virus t get off the cell and find an naive cell(healthy ell) and go after that

A

neuronamidise inhibitors

125
Q

true or false. Neuraminidise inhibitors reduced severe flu

A

true

126
Q

is it true that enzymes affecting assembly and release virus particles not affecting dna or rna

A

true

127
Q

Antibiotic resistance:
there are four common mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. True or false?

A

true

128
Q
  1. drug inactivation by microbial enzymes
A

ex: beta lactamses such as penincillinase

129
Q
  1. decreased drug uptake:
A

antibiotics are kept from reaching the target

130
Q

3.Altered drug uptake

A

the antibiotic target is altered by mutation

131
Q

4.removal of antibiotic from the cell

A

once the drug enters the cell it is ejected by efflux pump

132
Q

Antibiotic resistance genes are often carried on ___ plasmids, are these plasmids easily transferred to other bacteria?

A

r plasmid, yes they are easily transferred to other bacteria

133
Q

a drug that can produce beta lactamses can inhibit what?

A

peptidoglycan

134
Q

this is a pump that takes the bug where it came from, not specific to one (as long as they fit) psh them right back = protective

A

efflux pump

135
Q

this is also specific again =,altered target, inactive drug

A

altered drug target

microbiology (27 decks)

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