Chapter 7 : Microbial Metabolism (diana's version) Flashcards
This is the sum of all chemical reactions that occur within an organism
Metabolism
Define the term metabolism
metabolism is the sum of all reactions that occur within an organism
metabolism can be divided in two classes :
the two classes of catabolism and anabolism
what does catabolism mean?
catabolism means that reactions that generate energy
- breakdown of complex organic compounds into simpler ones
for example: proteins are broken down into their amino acid components, releasing energy
What does anabolism mean?
reactions that require energy
the biosynthesis or building of complex organic molecules from simpler ones
for example : amino acids are used to build proteins, consuming energy
energy is stored in the form of _______
ATP
True or false.
the bonds in between each of three phosphate groups are very high energy
True
breaking what bonds releases lots of energy and serves as a driving force for other chemical reactions
ATP
catabolic reactions ____ ATP
generate
Anabolic reactions ____ ATP
consume
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NAD is the what form?
this is the oxidized form
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
NADH + H: is what form?
this is the reduced form
NAD acts as …..
and provide an example
it acts as an electron carrier
- for example : electrons originate on donor molecules such as glucose
2 electrons are removed from the donor molecule and added to NAD+
this is what concept?
concept of oxidized and reduced ( basically means from that statement that 2 protons (H+) are also transferred
NAD+ 2e- + 2H ——-> NADH + H
In the collision theory, define the characteristics
-Atoms and molecules are in continuous motion
-as a result of this random motion collisions occur in between the atoms and molecules
-these collisions result in chemical bonds being broken in reactants and formed in products
-There is a minimum amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur-it is called the activation energy
If this amount of energy is not achieved than the reaction cannot occur
what are some certain ways that can be done in order to increase the reaction rate (the speed at which the chemical reaction proceeds):
- increasing the temperature
2.increasing the pressure
3.adding an enzyme
name a characteristics about enzymes
function as catalysts that lower the activation energy of a particular reaction
The enzyme is not altered in this process and can be reused
- each enzyme acts on specific substrate
( a particular enzyme catalyzes only one reaction)
True or false:
the enzyme lowers the activation energy by positioning the substrate such that there is greater probability that the reaction will take place
True
Fun fact: with an enzyme present reactions can occur up to 10 billion times faster than without enzyme
**just a fun fact you should have a bit of knowledge about ***
Carbohydrate Catabolism : name the characteristics
this is the breakdown of carbohydrates in order to release energy
the most common carbohydrate used by cells for energy is glucose
what are the two processes can be used to catabolize glucose:
cellular respiration and fermentation
define cellular respiration:
occurs when oxygen is present
- much more efficient than fermentation
-releases 32 ATP
define fermentation:
occurs when oxygen is absent
-less efficient
-releases only 2 ATP
define cellular respiration(steps) :
this occurs in three main stages
1. Glycolysis
——- Intermediate Step——-
2.Kreb’s cycle (Citric Acid Cycle TCA cycle)
3. Electron transport chain
define glycolysis :
this is the splitting of sugar (glucose) into smaller molecules
- occurs in a sequence of 10 reactions ( each step requires a unique enzyme)
one glucose is converted into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid (pyruvate)
This reaction can occur in the presence or the absence of oxygen
Only a very small amount of energy is released from this reaction
- 2 ATP
-2 NADH + H+
Define intermediate step:
2 molecules of pyruvate are prepared for entry into Kreb’s cycle
One carbon dioxide is removed from each pyruvate
- releases a total of 2 C02
A coenzyme A (c0A ) is group is added to each of the two newly formed 2 carbon sugars
- addition of CoA forms 2 molecules of acetyl CoA from the 2 molecules of pyruvate that entered into the intermediate step
- A total of 2 NADH + H+ are formed in the intermediate step
Define Kreb’s cycle:
The 2 molecules of acetyl CoA are broken down into 4 C02.
This stage of cellular respiration functions to produce more NADH + H+ and ATP
-2 ATP
-6 NADH + H+
-2FADH2
This step occurs in the cytoplasm of the prokaryotic cell and in the mitochondria of the eukaryotic cell
This step requires that oxygen be present
Electron transport Chain
This is the last step of aerobic respiration and occurs in the bacterial plasma membrane
- it occurs in the inner mitochondria membrane of eukaryotes
Electrons from NADH are transported through a series of electron carriers
True or false.
At the end of the transport chain the electrons are deposited on oxygen forming water
True
In electron transport chain:
During each transfer of electrons, energy is released and this energy is used to make ATP
true or false.
true
in electron transport chain:
True or False
2.5 ATP are produced per NADH that is oxidized in the ETC.
1.5 ATP are produced per FADH2.
true
Is this a true statement:
the entire process of Cellular Respiration produces 32 ATP per glucose molecule
True.
define fermentation:
occurs to produce energy when oxygen oxygen is absent
where will fermentation always occur in?
it will always happen in cytoplasm
we are aware that there are two main types of fermentation, name the two and after describe their characteristics.
- alcohol fermentation
2.Lactic Acid Fermentation
1= carried out by yeast/fungi and some bacteria
pyruvate is converted into acetaldehyde
A second step converts acetalhyde into ethanol
2ATP are produced
2= pyruvate is converted into lactic acid
performed by many bacteria such as lactobacillus
-can cause food spoilage
can also be used in food production (yogurt)
2ATP are produced
true or false. TOO MUCH acetalhyde can be lethal
true
although glucose is the primary energy source used by bacteria they also use:
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
carbohydrates:
polysaccharides such as starch is broken down into component of sugars
The component sugars are converted into glucose
The glucose then enters the metabolic cycle beginning with glycolysis
Lipids:
lipids are broken into components (fatty acids and glycerol ) by the enzyme lipase
The component then enter the metabolic cycle via glycolysis or kreb’s cycle
Protiens:
Proteins are broken into component amino acids by enzymes referred to as proteases
The amino acids then enter into the metabolic cycle via either glycolysis or Kreb’s cycle
anabolic reactions
anabolism- biosynthesis
the components of glycolysis and kreb’s cycle usually serve as the starting point for the production of amino acids, lipids, and nucleotides
-As result these compounds are referred to as precursor metabolites
metabolic diversity
organisms can be classified based on their nutritional needs
their source of energy
their source of carbon
energy source and carbon source
energy source:
chemical energy
light energy
chemotrophs
photoautrophs
organic and inorganic
Carbon source:
organic inorganic
hetetrohs autotrophs
chemoautotrophs and chemohetetrophs
chemoautotrophs:
these organisms use chemical reactions to obtain energy
they use C02 as a carbon source
ther energy comes from reactions that involve reduced inorganic molecules such as : H2 , H2S and CO
this type of energy use is only done by some bacteria
Chemohetetrophs:
these organisms use chemical reactions to obtain energy
they use organic molecules as a source of carbon
their energy comes from reactions involving reduced organic molecules
this group includes all animals, fungi, protozoa and most bacteria and medically relevant bacteria
they create disorder, (analogy: gives money and funding) this is what is wanted
catabolism
fat can be considered as a ____ why is that?
fat can be considered as a savings account, if we are in need of energy we can just take fat out like a savings account would
this is creating order : analogy: money going out
anabolism
how many phosphate group are in RNA?
there is one phosphate group in RNA
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exist within a what charge?
with a positive charge
in this illustration:
NAD+ 2e+ 2H—-> NADH + H
we are aware that H was also transported (2H)
what does this mean with proton and electron?
for each H we have 1 proton and 1 eletron
what about FAD? define its charge
FAD, does not have positive charge
FAD, how many electrons can it carry? and what does the reduced form of it?
it can carry two electrons, however it does not contain any positive charge, and the reduced form for it is:FADH2
in an example of this : lactose intolerance does not contain what? and according to this, what will be the effect of it
they do not have enzyme, which the effect would be cramps
taking glucose and giving glucose for less can also be termed as …..
fermentation
True or false.
NADH2 is worth more energy than NADH redox reaction in ETC.
false, its the other way around, NADH is worth more energy.
the hydrogen filters through ATP synthase moves from what concentration?
from high to low concentration, which energy releases
is it true that glucose is fundamental in the brain, as brain has stronger binding than the rest?
true
in photoautotrophs, the organisms use light to produce ATP and use C02 as a carbon source, why?
well, ATP is fundamental because it provides necessary materials to be able to synthesize the atp molecules, and C02 helps us build sugar, amino acids for protein, anything really that requires carbon
what are some bacteria in photoauttrophs? and what is the process they are using?
cyanobacteria,and the process they are using is photosynthesis
in photohetetrophs, they also use light energy to produce atp, why?
they use it to synthesize fats, nucleic acids and etc.
autotrophs are common or uncommon type of bacteria?
uncommon type of bacteria
chemoautotrophs uses H2, H2S, and CO to supply energy?
yes
define what this example would be:
if an organism uses an amino acid, and that amino acid is for energy and carbon, what you have here is an organism of what?
chemotrophic and chemohetetrophic because since C02 is not being used, these are very big most bacteria especially every bacteria that lives inside of our body.
this group includes some bacteria, all algae, and plants
photoautotrophs
