Chapter 7 : Microbial Metabolism (diana's version)

Question 1

This is the sum of all chemical reactions that occur within an organism

Answer 1

Metabolism

Question 2

Define the term metabolism

Answer 2

metabolism is the sum of all reactions that occur within an organism

Question 3

metabolism can be divided in two classes :

Answer 3

the two classes of catabolism and anabolism

Question 4

what does catabolism mean?

Answer 4

catabolism means that reactions that generate energy

• breakdown of complex organic compounds into simpler ones

for example: proteins are broken down into their amino acid components, releasing energy

Question 5

What does anabolism mean?

Answer 5

reactions that require energy

the biosynthesis or building of complex organic molecules from simpler ones

for example : amino acids are used to build proteins, consuming energy

Question 6

energy is stored in the form of _______

Answer 6

ATP

Question 7

True or false.
the bonds in between each of three phosphate groups are very high energy

Answer 7

True

Question 8

breaking what bonds releases lots of energy and serves as a driving force for other chemical reactions

Answer 8

ATP

Question 9

catabolic reactions ____ ATP

Answer 9

generate

Question 10

Anabolic reactions ____ ATP

Answer 10

consume

Question 11

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NAD is the what form?

Answer 11

this is the oxidized form

Question 12

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
NADH + H: is what form?

Answer 12

this is the reduced form

Question 13

NAD acts as …..
and provide an example

Answer 13

it acts as an electron carrier
- for example : electrons originate on donor molecules such as glucose

Question 14

2 electrons are removed from the donor molecule and added to NAD+

this is what concept?

Answer 14

concept of oxidized and reduced ( basically means from that statement that 2 protons (H+) are also transferred

NAD+ 2e- + 2H ——-> NADH + H

Question 15

In the collision theory, define the characteristics

Answer 15

-Atoms and molecules are in continuous motion
-as a result of this random motion collisions occur in between the atoms and molecules
-these collisions result in chemical bonds being broken in reactants and formed in products
-There is a minimum amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur-it is called the activation energy
If this amount of energy is not achieved than the reaction cannot occur

Question 16

what are some certain ways that can be done in order to increase the reaction rate (the speed at which the chemical reaction proceeds):

Answer 16

1. increasing the temperature
   2.increasing the pressure
   3.adding an enzyme

Question 17

name a characteristics about enzymes

Answer 17

function as catalysts that lower the activation energy of a particular reaction

The enzyme is not altered in this process and can be reused

• each enzyme acts on specific substrate
  ( a particular enzyme catalyzes only one reaction)

Question 18

True or false:
the enzyme lowers the activation energy by positioning the substrate such that there is greater probability that the reaction will take place

Answer 18

True

Question 19

Fun fact: with an enzyme present reactions can occur up to 10 billion times faster than without enzyme

Answer 19

**just a fun fact you should have a bit of knowledge about ***

Question 20

Carbohydrate Catabolism : name the characteristics

Answer 20

this is the breakdown of carbohydrates in order to release energy

the most common carbohydrate used by cells for energy is glucose

Question 21

what are the two processes can be used to catabolize glucose:

Answer 21

cellular respiration and fermentation

Question 22

define cellular respiration:

Answer 22

occurs when oxygen is present
- much more efficient than fermentation
-releases 32 ATP

Question 23

define fermentation:

Answer 23

occurs when oxygen is absent
-less efficient
-releases only 2 ATP

Question 24

define cellular respiration(steps) :

Answer 24

this occurs in three main stages
1. Glycolysis
——- Intermediate Step——-
2.Kreb’s cycle (Citric Acid Cycle TCA cycle)
3. Electron transport chain

Question 25

define glycolysis :

Answer 25

this is the splitting of sugar (glucose) into smaller molecules - occurs in a sequence of 10 reactions ( each step requires a unique enzyme) one glucose is converted into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid (pyruvate) This reaction can occur in the presence or the absence of oxygen Only a very small amount of energy is released from this reaction - 2 ATP -2 NADH + H+

Question 26

Define intermediate step:

Answer 26

2 molecules of pyruvate are prepared for entry into Kreb's cycle One carbon dioxide is removed from each pyruvate - releases a total of 2 C02 A coenzyme A (c0A ) is group is added to each of the two newly formed 2 carbon sugars - addition of CoA forms 2 molecules of acetyl CoA from the 2 molecules of pyruvate that entered into the intermediate step - A total of 2 NADH + H+ are formed in the intermediate step

Question 27

Define Kreb's cycle:

Answer 27

The 2 molecules of acetyl CoA are broken down into 4 C02. This stage of cellular respiration functions to produce more NADH + H+ and ATP -2 ATP -6 NADH + H+ -2FADH2 This step occurs in the cytoplasm of the prokaryotic cell and in the mitochondria of the eukaryotic cell This step requires that oxygen be present

Question 28

Electron transport Chain

Answer 28

This is the last step of aerobic respiration and occurs in the bacterial plasma membrane - it occurs in the inner mitochondria membrane of eukaryotes Electrons from NADH are transported through a series of electron carriers

Question 29

True or false. At the end of the transport chain the electrons are deposited on oxygen forming water

Answer 29

True

Question 30

In electron transport chain: During each transfer of electrons, energy is released and this energy is used to make ATP true or false.

Answer 30

true

Question 31

in electron transport chain: True or False 2.5 ATP are produced per NADH that is oxidized in the ETC. 1.5 ATP are produced per FADH2.

Answer 31

true

Question 32

Is this a true statement: the entire process of Cellular Respiration produces 32 ATP per glucose molecule

Answer 32

True.

Question 33

define fermentation:

Answer 33

occurs to produce energy when oxygen oxygen is absent

Question 34

where will fermentation always occur in?

Answer 34

it will always happen in cytoplasm

Question 35

we are aware that there are two main types of fermentation, name the two and after describe their characteristics.

Answer 35

1. alcohol fermentation 2.Lactic Acid Fermentation 1= carried out by yeast/fungi and some bacteria pyruvate is converted into acetaldehyde A second step converts acetalhyde into ethanol 2ATP are produced 2= pyruvate is converted into lactic acid performed by many bacteria such as lactobacillus -can cause food spoilage can also be used in food production (yogurt) 2ATP are produced

Question 36

true or false. TOO MUCH acetalhyde can be lethal

Answer 36

true

Question 37

although glucose is the primary energy source used by bacteria they also use:

Answer 37

carbohydrates lipids proteins

Question 38

carbohydrates:

Answer 38

polysaccharides such as starch is broken down into component of sugars The component sugars are converted into glucose The glucose then enters the metabolic cycle beginning with glycolysis

Question 39

Lipids:

Answer 39

lipids are broken into components (fatty acids and glycerol ) by the enzyme lipase The component then enter the metabolic cycle via glycolysis or kreb's cycle

Question 40

Protiens:

Answer 40

Proteins are broken into component amino acids by enzymes referred to as proteases The amino acids then enter into the metabolic cycle via either glycolysis or Kreb's cycle

Question 41

anabolic reactions

Answer 41

anabolism- biosynthesis the components of glycolysis and kreb's cycle usually serve as the starting point for the production of amino acids, lipids, and nucleotides -As result these compounds are referred to as precursor metabolites

Question 42

metabolic diversity organisms can be classified based on their nutritional needs

Answer 42

their source of energy their source of carbon

Question 43

energy source and carbon source

Answer 43

energy source: chemical energy light energy chemotrophs photoautrophs organic and inorganic Carbon source: organic inorganic hetetrohs autotrophs

Question 44

chemoautotrophs and chemohetetrophs

Answer 44

chemoautotrophs: these organisms use chemical reactions to obtain energy they use C02 as a carbon source ther energy comes from reactions that involve reduced inorganic molecules such as : H2 , H2S and CO this type of energy use is only done by some bacteria Chemohetetrophs: these organisms use chemical reactions to obtain energy they use organic molecules as a source of carbon their energy comes from reactions involving reduced organic molecules this group includes all animals, fungi, protozoa and most bacteria and medically relevant bacteria

Question 45

they create disorder, (analogy: gives money and funding) this is what is wanted

Answer 45

catabolism

Question 46

fat can be considered as a ____ why is that?

Answer 46

fat can be considered as a savings account, if we are in need of energy we can just take fat out like a savings account would

Question 47

this is creating order : analogy: money going out

Answer 47

anabolism

Question 48

how many phosphate group are in RNA?

Answer 48

there is one phosphate group in RNA

Question 49

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exist within a what charge?

Answer 49

with a positive charge

Question 50

in this illustration: NAD+ 2e+ 2H----> NADH + H we are aware that H was also transported (2H) what does this mean with proton and electron?

Answer 50

for each H we have 1 proton and 1 eletron

Question 51

what about FAD? define its charge

Answer 51

FAD, does not have positive charge

Question 52

FAD, how many electrons can it carry? and what does the reduced form of it?

Answer 52

it can carry two electrons, however it does not contain any positive charge, and the reduced form for it is:FADH2

Question 53

in an example of this : lactose intolerance does not contain what? and according to this, what will be the effect of it

Answer 53

they do not have enzyme, which the effect would be cramps

Question 54

taking glucose and giving glucose for less can also be termed as .....

Answer 54

fermentation

Question 55

True or false. NADH2 is worth more energy than NADH redox reaction in ETC.

Answer 55

false, its the other way around, NADH is worth more energy.

Question 56

the hydrogen filters through ATP synthase moves from what concentration?

Answer 56

from high to low concentration, which energy releases

Question 57

is it true that glucose is fundamental in the brain, as brain has stronger binding than the rest?

Answer 57

true

Question 58

in photoautotrophs, the organisms use light to produce ATP and use C02 as a carbon source, why?

Answer 58

well, ATP is fundamental because it provides necessary materials to be able to synthesize the atp molecules, and C02 helps us build sugar, amino acids for protein, anything really that requires carbon

Question 59

what are some bacteria in photoauttrophs? and what is the process they are using?

Answer 59

cyanobacteria,and the process they are using is photosynthesis

Question 60

in photohetetrophs, they also use light energy to produce atp, why?

Answer 60

they use it to synthesize fats, nucleic acids and etc.

Question 61

autotrophs are common or uncommon type of bacteria?

Answer 61

uncommon type of bacteria

Question 62

chemoautotrophs uses H2, H2S, and CO to supply energy?

Answer 62

yes

Question 63

define what this example would be: if an organism uses an amino acid, and that amino acid is for energy and carbon, what you have here is an organism of what?

Answer 63

chemotrophic and chemohetetrophic because since C02 is not being used, these are very big most bacteria especially every bacteria that lives inside of our body.

Question 64

this group includes some bacteria, all algae, and plants

Answer 64

photoautotrophs